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The use of 3-d cultures for high-throughput screening: the multicellular spheroid model.
Open accessAbstract
Over the past few years, establishment and adaptation of cell-based assays for drug development and testing has become an important topic in high-throughput screening (HTS). Most new assays are designed to rapidly detect specific cellular effects reflecting action at various targets. However, although more complex than cell-free biochemical test systems, HTS assays using monolayer or suspension cultures still reflect a highly artificial cellular environment and may thus have limited predictive value for the clinical efficacy of a compound. Today's strategies for drug discovery and development, be they hypothesis free or mechanism based, require facile, HTS-amenable test systems that mimic the human tissue environment with increasing accuracy in order to optimize preclinical and preanimal selection of the most active molecules from a large pool of potential effectors, for example, against solid tumors. Indeed, it is recognized that 3-dimensional cell culture systems better reflect the in vivo behavior of most cell types. However, these 3-D test systems have not yet been incorporated into mainstream drug development operations. This article addresses the relevance and potential of 3-D in vitro systems for drug development, with a focus on screening for novel antitumor drugs. Examples of 3-D cell models used in cancer research are given, and the advantages and limitations of these systems of intermediate complexity are discussed in comparison with both 2-D culture and in vivo models. The most commonly used 3-D cell culture systems, multicellular spheroids, are emphasized due to their advantages and potential for rapid development as HTS systems. Thus, multicellular tumor spheroids are an ideal basis for the next step in creating HTS assays, which are predictive of in vivo antitumor efficacy.
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“While simple in design, using the hanging drop technique for spheroid creation has logistical issues with media replacements, drug addition, evaporation and downstream analysis of individual spheroids per hanging drop (Kunz-Schughart et al., 2004; Mehta et al., 2012).”
From Three-dimensional modelling of ovarian cancer: from cell lines to organoids for discovery and personalized medicine (2022) · cites this paper as Kunz-Schughart et al., 2004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Freyer, J. P., Hofstaedter, F., & Ebner, R.
- Affiliations
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (US)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Avalon Pharma (United States) (US)
- Venue
- SLAS DISCOVERY
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 273-285
- ISSN
- 2472-5552 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140723257
- Cited by
- 797
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 11.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- SLAS DISCOVERY (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Keywords
- tumor spheroids, 3D cell culture, high-throughput screening, anticancer drug screening, drug development, solid tumors, cell-based assays
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Models, Biological, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Spheroids, Cellular, In Vitro Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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