The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Parkland Mass Shooting and the Path to Intended Violence: A Case Study of Missed Opportunities and Avenues for Future Prevention
Open accessAbstract
The 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida reignited a discourse about safety and prevention that often follows such tragedies. Using a case study approach, we analyze the events leading up to the shooting (via official records from law enforcement and the shooting’s review commission) to identify missed opportunities for intervention, de-escalation, and ultimately prevention. The Path to Intended Violence model is employed to highlight the perpetrator’s escalating behaviors from grievance through the attack itself. The lessons learned then are utilized to offer recommendations for schools and communities seeking to prevent similar mass violence attacks.
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
How Mass Public Shooters Use Social Media: Exploring Themes and Future Directions
Peterson, J., Densley, J. A., Spaulding, J. S., & Higgins, S. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231155101 · Cited by 28
“It would be easy to dismiss such expressions as examples of teenage hyperbole or fairly common online rhetoric—only with hindsight are they read as serious indicators of violent intent (Schildkraut et al., 2022).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of Mass Shootings in the United States
Peterson, J., Densley, J. A., Hauf, M., & Moldenhauer, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081122-010256 · Cited by 27
Swanson, J. W., & Rosenberg, M. L. (2023) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02031 · Cited by 18
“40 That is because the federal and state criteria for denying a gun purchase are not only overbroad, but too narrow.”
BackgroundSilva, J. R., Silver, J., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2023) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2023.2210730 · Cited by 11
A Scoping Review of the Literature on School Shooting From 1990 to 2023
Unal-Eyi, S., & Zhuang, J. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251350106 · Cited by 6
“Dr. Schildkraut’s research, especially on the Parkland shooting and school safety strategies, provides valuable information on prevention strategies against school shootings, making her work foundational in understanding current trends in this area (Schildkraut et al., 2024).”
Mass Shootings in the United States: Prevalence, Policy, and a Way Forward
Schildkraut, J., & Geller, L. B. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231164484 · Cited by 16
“…taken to achieve this end through efforts like target hardening (e.g., entry control and screening) and increasing both natural (e.g., window placement to improve lines of sight) and formal (e.g., police, school resource officers) surveillance (see, generally, Schildkraut, Cowan, and Mosher 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMachine Learning Approaches for Suicidal Ideation Detection on Social Media
Nandhini, B., Jayanthi, Shrinivas, K., & Vinod, P. (2023) · International Conference on Computation, Automation and Knowledge Management (ICCAKM) · doi:10.1109/iccakm58659.2023.10449591 · Cited by 4
“Suicidal ideation, if left unaddressed, can escalate into suicide attempts and even fatalities[3].”
BackgroundGreene-Colozzi, E. A., Schildkraut, J., Arrigo, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102540 · Cited by 3
Self-citationFlorida’s Risk Protection Order Cases and Intimate Partner Violence: A Descriptive Study
Paruk, J. K., Christy, A., Frattaroli, S., & Zeoli, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251315768 · Cited by 7
“He killed 17 students and staff and injured 17 others at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida (Schildkraut et al., 2022).”
Mancini, C., & Devlin, N. (2024) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102218 · Cited by 3
Tassin, C., & Allely, C. S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2022.2118349 · Cited by 3
The New Social Roots of School Shootings: A Refined Constellation Theory of Rampage Attacks
Russell, D., Gordon, J., & Thames, K. M. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251352221 · Cited by 2
School Threat Assessments of Firearm and School Shooting Concerns
Silva, J. R., & Madfis, E. (2025) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2025.2473531 · Cited by 2
“These types of studies identify several firearm-related warning signs before attacks including a fascination with firearms, ideations of violence, and interest in past mass killings (O’Toole, 2000; Schildkraut et al., 2024; Silva et al., 2023).”
Schildkraut, J., Connell, N. M., Barbieri, N., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2023.2221751 · Cited by 2
“Although the exact quantity of ammunition and magazines N.C. purchased was unknown, 4 the amount taken to the school was documented by police − 328 rounds, of which 140 were fired during the attack (Schildkraut et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationExtreme Risks, Guns, and Public Opinion: The Views of Hispanic Americans Toward Red Flag Laws
Mancini, C., & Lowery, P. G. (2025) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287251401193 · Cited by 1
A Comparative Study of Mass and Non-Mass School Shootings in the United States
Klein, B. R., Greene-Colozzi, E. A., Chermak, S. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2025.2576011 · Cited by 1
“Studies applying this model – both within the U.S. and internationally – to prominent cases of mass public shootings have reinforced its validity (Schildkraut, Connell, et al., 2024; Schildkraut, Cowan, et al., 2024).”
Mass shooters and the death penalty: An exploration of sentencing outcomes and changes over time
Lankford, A., & Cohen, T. (2025) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1007/s10611-025-10213-w · Cited by 1
Examining Pathway-Related Behaviors in Mass Public Shootings: A Large-Scale Empirical Assessment
Schildkraut, J. (2026) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/10887679261486420
Self-citationContext Matters: Variation in Pathway-Related Behavioral Accumulation in Mass Public Shootings
Schildkraut, J., Greene-Colozzi, E. A., & Martindale, H. (2026) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287261466990
Self-citationHendley, T., Starkey, A. G., Rivers, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2687587
“For example, the perpe-trator of the Parkland High School shooting posted homicidal messages and images of firearms prior to the event, yet these threats went unreported (Schildkraut et al., 2024).”
Assessing the Efficacy of a Justice-Mental Health Collaborative Program to Reduce Violence
Atkin-Plunk, C. A., & Crichlow, V. J. (2025) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-025-09829-4
“Furthermore, leakage of intent, often preceding violence, also underscores the importance of proactive measures in law enforcement (Peterson & Densley, 2021; Schildkraut et al., 2024 ; Silver et al., 2018 ).”
Behavior of Violence in Education: Study of Education Sociology
Ansori, A., Laratmase, A. J., & Ibnu, S. (2022) · ijd-demos · doi:10.37950/ijd.v4i1.212
Knapp, K. G., Schildkraut, J., & Muschert, G. W. (2014) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199791231-0151
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schildkraut, J., Cowan, R. G., & Mosher, T. M.
- Affiliations
- State University of New York at Oswego (US)
- Walden University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schildkraut, Jaclyn
- Venue
- Homicide Studies
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-01-18
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-26
- ISSN
- 1088-7679 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6720
- OpenAlex
- W4205773841
- Semantic Scholar
- 1fe084e8f849ba05a803da30e3f996d42300f09f
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Homicide Studies (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks (Walden University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- mass shootings, school violence prevention, de-escalation, police records
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