In the Dark: Young Men’s Stories of Sexual Initiation in the Absence of Relevant Sexual Health Information
Open accessAbstract
A growing body of research has investigated the effectiveness of abstinence-only sexual education. There remains a dearth of research on the relevant sexual health information available to young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Drawing on a mixed-methods study with 526 YMSM, this study explores how and where YMSM receive relevant information on sexual health/behavior. Findings indicate that information related to gay men’s sexuality is not readily available from family, friends, or schools. At initiation of anal intercourse, respondents generally had limited information about HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In some cases, this resulted in the perception that activities such as unprotected sex were “low risk.” Many mentioned they first learned about anal sex during their sexual debut, describing painful and/or unpleasant experiences. Some relied on older/more experienced partners, the Internet, and pornography for information. Findings are discussed in relation to how providers can help YMSM build solid foundations of sexual education to protect them from STI and HIV infection.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sexual minority sexuality remains relatively unaddressed in mainstream sources of sex education such as parents and schools.
“Further, given the stigmatizing nature of same-sex sexuality (Herek, 2004), sexual minority sexuality remains relatively unaddressed in mainstream sources of sex education, such as from parents and schools (e.g., Kubicek, Beyer, Weiss, Iverson, & Kipke, 2010).”
From A transdiagnostic minority stress treatment approach for gay and bisexual men's syndemic health conditions (2015) · cites this paper as Kubicek, Beyer, Weiss, Iverson, & Kipke, 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,470 · see citing works
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 2,855 · see citing works
Turner, C. F., Ku, L. C., Rogers, S., Lindberg, L., Pleck, J. H., & Sonenstein, F. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5365.867 · Cited by 2,048 · see citing works
HIV Prevalence and Associated Risks in Young Men Who Have Sex With Men
Valleroy, L. A. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.2.198 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
A Venue-Based Method for Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations
Muhib, F., Lin, L. S., Stueve, A., Miller, R. L., Ford, W., Johnson, W. D., Smith, P. J., & Community Intervention Trial for Youth Study Team (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.s1.216 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
School-based programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors: a review of effectiveness.
Kirby, D. B., Short, L. M., Collins, J. L., Rugg, D. L., Kolbe, L. J., Howard, M., Miller, B. C., Sonenstein, F. L., & Zabin, L. S. (1994) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 527 · see citing works
The Mpowerment Project: a community-level HIV prevention intervention for young gay men.
Kegeles, S. M., Hays, R. B., & Coates, T. J. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.8_pt_1.1129 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Kirby, D. B. (2008) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1525/srsp.2008.5.3.18 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Adolescent Cybersurfing for Health Information
Borzekowski, D. L. G., & Rickert, V. I. (2001) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.7.813 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Family Communication About Sex: What are Parents Saying and Are Their Adolescents Listening?
Miller, K. S., Kotchick, B. A., Dorsey, S., Forehand, R., & Ham, A. Y. (1998) · Family Planning Perspectives · doi:10.2307/2991607 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Talk about sex: the battles over sex education in the United States
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-6000 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2003) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/1468181032000052162 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Blake, S., Ledsky, R., Lehman, T., Goodenow, C. S., Sawyer, R., & Hack, T. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.6.940 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
MacKellar, D., Valleroy, L., Karon, J., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The Exposure Of Youth To Unwanted Sexual Material On The Internet
Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x02250123 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Application of Computer-assisted Interviews to Sexual Behavior Research
KISSINGER, P. J., Rice, J. C., Farley, T., Trim, S., Jewitt, K., Margavio, V., & Martin, D. H. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009739 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Teenagers’ Internet Use and Family Rules: A Research Note
Wang, R., Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00214.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Ross, M. W., Tikkanen, R. H., & Månsson, S. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00493-1 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Working with families in the era of HIV/AIDS
Pequegnat, W., & Szapocznik, J. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Bower, J. L., Hansen, E. A., & Norris, M. P. (2020) · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Putting a big thing into a little hole: Teenage girls’ accounts of sexual initiation
Thompson, S. (1990) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499009551564 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Impact of the family on the sex lives of adolescents.
Pick, S., & Palos, P. A. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Changing Emphases in Sexuality Education in U.S. Public Secondary Schools, 1988-1999
Darroch, J. E., Landry, D. J., & Singh, S. D. (2000) · Family Planning Perspectives · doi:10.2307/2648173 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Provision of sex education and early sexual experience: the relation examined
Wellings, K., Wadsworth, J., Johnson, A. M., Field, J., Whitaker, L., & Field, B. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7002.417 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Addressing the Needs of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth:
Uribe, V., & Harbeck, K. M. (1992) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1300/j082v22n03_02 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
What Public School Teachers Teach About Preventing Pregnancy, AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Forrest, J. D., & Silverman, J. (1989) · Family Planning Perspectives · doi:10.2307/2135556 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Breaking the Silence Surrounding Female Adolescent Sexual Desire
Welles, C. E. (2005) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v28n02_03 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Rhodes, S. D. (2004) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.16.4.315.40399 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Barriers to STD/HIV prevention on the Internet
Bull, S. S. (2001) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/16.6.661 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Read, S. J., Miller, L. C., Appleby, P. R., Nwosu, M. E., Reynaldo, S., Lauren, A., & Putcha-Bhagavatula, A. (2006) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00001.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wohlfeiler, D., & Potterat, J. J. (2005) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000175394.81945.68 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Garofalo, R., Mustanski, B. S., & Donenberg, G. R. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Web searching for sexual information: an exploratory study
Spink, A. H., Özmutlu, H. C., & Lorence, D. P. (2002) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/s0306-4573(02)00082-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Health and Health Behaviors of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men
Kipke, M. D., Kubicek, K., Weiss, G., Wong, C. F., Lopez, D. M., Iverson, E. F., & Ford, W. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.019 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationOmpad, D. C., Strathdee, S. A., Celentano, D. D., Latkin, C. A., PODUSKA, J. M., Kellam, S. G., & Ialongo, N. S. (2006) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-006-8994-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Adolescent Girls, Women and Sexuality:
Tolman, D. L. (1991) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v11n03_04 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - 33 States, 2001-2006
(2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e679162011-003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Strouse, J. S., & Fabes, R. A. (1985) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Teaching About Sexual Orientation by Secondary Health Teachers
Telljohann, S. K., Price, J. H., Poureslami, M., et al. (1995) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1995.tb03333.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Integrating Professional and Folk Models of HIV Risk: YMSM's Perceptions of High–Risk Sex
Kubicek, K., Carpineto, J., McDavitt, B., et al. (2008) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2008.20.3.220 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationTalk About Sex: The Battles Over Sex Education in the United States
DiClemente, R. J. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.7.962-a · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Amount of Sex Information Learning Obtained During Early Adolescence
Thornburg, H. D. (1981) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/027243168100100207 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ford, W., Weiss, G., Kipke, M. D., et al. (2009) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720802498280 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationRemafedi, G. J. (1993) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1993.tb06105.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Safer Sex Stories Told by Young Gay Men: Building on Resiliency Through Gay-Boy Talk
Mutchler, M. G., Ayala, G., & Neith, K. L. (2005) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education · doi:10.1300/j367v02n03_04 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The accuracy of condom information in three selected abstinence-only education curricula
Lin, A. J., & Santelli, J. S. (2008) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1525/srsp.2008.5.3.56 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bhattacharyya, G. (2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203994191 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Parents' involvement in the sex education of their children.
Fitz-Gerald, M., & Fitz-Gerald, D. (1987) · The Volta Review · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Parents' Involvement in the Sex Education of Their Hearing-Impaired Children.
Fitz-Gerald, M., & Fitz-Gerald, D. (1987) · The Volta Review · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Will It Be Silence and Violence or Safety and Prevention for the Next Generation of Gay Youth?
Mutchler, M. G. (2002) · International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1013055318185 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kubicek, K., Weiss, G., Iverson, E. F., & Kipke, M. D. (2010) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826081003595366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- MacKellar DA Valleroy LA Karon JM Lemp GF Janssen RS 1996 The Young Men’s Survey: Methods for estimating HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among young men who have sex with men Public Health Reports 111 Supplement 1 138 144 8862170 PMC1382056
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rissel, C., Richters, J., de Visser, R. O., McKee, A., Yeung, A., & Caruana, T. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1191597 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Magee, J. C., Bigelow, L., DeHaan, S., & Mustanski, B. S. (2012) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198111401384 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Mustanski, B., Greene, G. J., Ryan, D., & Whitton, S. W. (2015) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.867924 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Pachankis, J. E. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0480-x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Outlaw, A. Y., Phillips, G., Hightow-Weidman, L. B., Fields, S. D., Hidalgo, J., Halpern-Felsher, B., & Green-Jones, A. T. Y. M. O. C. (2011) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2011.9879 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Gesselman, A. N., Kaufman, E. M., Marcotte, A. S., Reynolds, T. A., & Garcia, J. R. (2023) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.2007521 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
DuBois, L. Z., Macapagal, K. R., Rivera, Z., Prescott, T. L., Ybarra, M. L., & Mustanski, B. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0521-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kubicek, K., Beyer, W. J., Weiss, G., Iverson, E., & Kipke, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Health Education & Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-07-02
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-263
- ISSN
- 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6127
- PMC
- PMC2866104
- OpenAlex
- W2043037455
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015638)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- young men who have sex with men, sexual initiation, sexual health information, HIV, sexually transmitted infections, anal sex, unprotected sex, sexual risk perception, pornography, sex education
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Physician's Role, Sexual Behavior, Sex Education, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Cohort Studies, AIDS Serodiagnosis, Condoms, Homosexuality, Male, Internet, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review