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COVID-19 Pandemic and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Impacts, Challenges, and Mitigation Strategies
Open accessAbstract
Background: In order to protect public health during the outbreaks of infectious diseases including the pandemic COVID-19, provision of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services is important. The challenges of inaccessible WASH services along with the pandemic COVID-19 in low-income countries can lead to a devastating problem. Method: A systematic search of published articles was identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, on relevant studies of COVID-19 and WASH services. Published articles were identified using abstracts and titles of the articles, followed by assessed for eligibility, and screening of the full text reports of relevant studies. Results: Electronic database search identified 798 articles from which 28 full text articles were included in the systematic review. A lack of access to WASH services in households, schools, health care facilities, and other public spaces were the main identified COVID-19 related public health risks. A lack of adequate data and financial shortages were the challenges for mitigating the problems of COVI-19 and WASH services. Conclusion: This systematical review identified the impacts and challenges of COVID-19 in the provision of WASH services. The results implied that COVID-19 has significant impacts on WASH services that can affect the health of the public. Therefore, strengthening and ensuring access to WASH services are important for preventing COVID-19 and realizing human rights. Community engagement also can be used to support for prevention and control of COVID-19. Countries need to be expand their investment in WASH services as an important mechanism for mitigating COVID-19.
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“According to Musoke et al. (2018) and Desye (2021), improved handwashing significantly reduces the two leading causes of childhood mortality-diarrhea diseases and acute respiratory infections.”
From The level of implementation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices among the public basic schools in Ghana (2024) · cites this paper as Desye (2021)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Desye, B.
- Affiliations
- Adigrat University (ET)
- Corresponding author
- Desye, Belay
- ORCID
- Desye, Belay
- Venue
- Environmental Health Insights
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 11786302211029447-11786302211029447
- ISSN
- 1178-6302 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8283044
- OpenAlex
- W3179411544
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Health Insights (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, water, sanitation and hygiene, low-income countries, household sanitation, school sanitation, public health risk, community participation, human rights, COVID-19 prevention and control
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