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Evidence-based Policy: In Search of a Method
Abstract
Evaluation research is tortured by time constraints. The policy cycle revolves quicker than the research cycle, with the result that `real time' evaluations often have little influence on policy making. As a result, the quest for evidence-based policy has turned increasingly to systematic reviews of the results of previous inquiries in the relevant policy domain. However, this shifting of the temporal frame for evaluation is in itself no guarantee of success. Evidence, whether new or old, never speaks for itself. Accordingly, there is debate about the best strategy of marshalling bygone research results into the policy process. This article joins the imbroglio by examining the logic of the two main strategies of systematic review: `meta-analysis' and `narrative review'. Whilst they are often presented as diametrically opposed perspectives, this article argues that they share common limitations in their understanding of how to provide a template for impending policy decisions. This review provides the background for Part II of the article (to be published in the next issue, Evaluation 8[3]), which considers the merits of a new model for evidence-based policy, namely `realist synthesis'.
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“Our charting approach was akin to a 'narrative review' (Pawson 2002: 171)”
From Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework (2005) · cites this paper as Pawson 2002: 171
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Trojan, A., & Kolip, P. (2021) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62426-5_122 · Cited by 8
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“This is because robust evidence is expected to provide an antidote to policy failures (Pawson 2002a, b).”
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“…as a substitution for the experimental method (Marsh and Mackie, 1995), but it is not without its drawbacks: the policy interventions may not be truly comparable because of differences in their approach, context (historically, culturally or geographically) and goals (Pawson, 2001a; 2001b; 2002).”
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“Strategies like Pawson’s [12, 13] realist evaluation and Patton’s [11] developmental evaluation hold some promise.”
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Greener, I., Harrington, B., Hunter, D. J., & Powell, M. A. (2011) · Cited by 6
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Balan, P., & Lindsay, N. (2007) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26274298 · Cited by 5
Thistleton, L. F. (2008) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 5
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Holmes, J., Meier, P. S., Booth, A., & Brennan, A. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12201 · Cited by 4
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“3For an overview of these methods, see, for instance, Pawson (2002). to present aid donors – users of research – with opportunities for selective and strategic ‘use of evidence’ rather than direct use or enlightening of policy-makers (for a discussion on the use of evidence, see Innvaer et al.,…”
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“It was intended that this ‘configurational’ approach to causality (Pawson, 2002a) and its findings would be documented through a series of reports employing a ‘descriptive-analytical’ method.”
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Kojouharov, A., & Williams, C. C. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2638423 · Cited by 3
“In doing so, we are inevitably drawn to the realist method of policy evaluation in asking “what works, for whom and in what context” (Pawson, 2002, 2003, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodMethodological and conceptual challenges of evaluating the impact of development interventions
Vaessen, J. (2010) · doi:10.26481/dis.20100916jv · Cited by 3
Kim, J., Wei, W., Johnson, L. R., Balser, S., & Gruber, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2025.2544941 · Cited by 2
“A narrative synthesis of evidence (Pawson, 2002) was conducted to address the research questions.”
Sugg, H. V. R., Shaw, N., Vesterlund, E. M., & Woodford, J. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-112876 · Cited by 3
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Environmental impacts of certification programmes at Colombian coffee plantations
Rubio, D. I. C., Delgado, D. R., & Amaya, A. O. (2023) · Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales · doi:10.7201/earn.2023.02.02 · Cited by 2
“Following Pawson’s method (Pawson, 2002), which corresponds to a descriptive-analytical method, an overview table was created to examine, identify, detail, and organize the information found in each of the 81 selected studies, according to the objective of the study.”
MethodGöç Yönetiminde Kanıta Dayalı Politika Yaklaşımı
DERELİ, S. (2023) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18037/ausbd.1345646 · Cited by 2
Health promotion evaluation, realist synthesis and participacion
Hills, M. D., & Carroll, S. (2004) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232004000300006 · Cited by 2
Darwin, Z. J. (2013) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2
Using Scoping Reviews to Document and Synthesize Current Practices in School-Based Counselling
Harris, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58179-8_4 · Cited by 2
Côrtes, P. D. R., Lara, F. T., & Oliveira, A. M. D. A. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas · doi:10.5102/rbpp.v8i2.5327 · Cited by 2
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Methodological Challenges in Impact Evaluation: The Case of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)Preprint
Vaessen, J., & Todd, D. A. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2
Norton, M. (2009) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pawson, R.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pawson, Ray
- ORCID
- Pawson, Ray
- Venue
- Evaluation
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-181
- ISSN
- 1356-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7153
- OpenAlex
- W2073020593
- Semantic Scholar
- 0a46f8e2fe3872100f441ff87ecd471f3fcf7e09
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Evaluation (publishedVersion)
- OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- evidence-based policy, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, realist synthesis, policy cycle, science-policy interface, policy decision-making
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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