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‘Does Religion Cause Health?’: Differing Interpretations and Diverse Meanings
Abstract
The question, ‘Does religion (or spirituality) cause physical health benefits?’ may be given at least four diverging interpretations in terms of causal path diagrams. In common usage, the question may be interpreted to indicate that religion causally influences health by: (1) any mechanism, including well-established factors such as social support and improved health behaviors; (2) additional mechanisms, such as enhanced positive psychological states (e.g. faith, hope, inner peace) acting through psychoneuroimmunologic or psychoneuroendocrinologic pathways; (3) offering psychological strength for acquiring or maintaining positive health behaviors; or (4) causally influencing health by distant healing or intercessory prayer. We review historical confusion between these interpretations, arguing that disentangling them is important for collaborative health care, promotion and research.
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“Accordingly, spiritual beliefs can positively influence health, pain perception, and tolerance.124,125”
From Pain and Evil: From Local Nociception to Misery Following Social Harm (2020) · cites this paper as [124]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Oman, D., & Thoresen, C. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oman, Doug
- ORCID
- Oman, Doug
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 365-380
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- OpenAlex
- W2059500951
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- religion and health, spirituality, causal pathways, social support, health behavior, positive psychological states, psychoneuroimmunology, psychoneuroendocrinology, intercessory prayer, distant healing, faith and hope, collaborative care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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