Canonical Correlation Reveals Important Relations between Health Locus of Control, Coping, Affect and Values
Abstract
This article explored advantages of canonical correlation using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales in relation to measures of coping, affect and values. Survey data collected from 659 participants demonstrated significant canonical correlations between the MHLC and synthetic variables representing all three of these constructs. Results verified some previously hypothesized relations (e.g. external health control relates to passive coping) and introduced new findings pertaining to the relations between networks of MHLC variables and networks of the other three constructs (e.g. positive affect relates to collaborative control between self and God regarding health). Canonical correlation promotes greater understanding of relations between health loci of control and other multidimensional variables than can be obtained through simpler analytic strategies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many individuals who believe God is in control of health also believe that God has charged them with responsibility to engage in certain behaviors, some health related.
“because many of those who believe God is in control also believe that God has charged them with the responsibility to engage in certain behaviors, some health related.”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Masters & Wallston, 2005
Some aspects of RS are related to cardiovascular reactivity, levels of cardiac autonomic control, and immune functioning.
“Some aspects of RS are related to cardiovascular reactivity (Masters et al., 2005), levels of cardiac autonomic control (Berntson et al., 2008), and immune functioning (Ai et al., 2010).”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Masters et al., 2005
Individuals who believe that God is ultimately in control of their health do not necessarily display an external locus of health control and passive coping strategies; this is often not the case.
“it may be presumed that individuals who believe that God is ultimately in control of their health display an external locus of health control and are characterized by passive coping strategies. This is often not the case (e.g., Masters & Wallston, 2005; Umezawa et al., 2012)”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Masters & Wallston, 2005
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,682 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652 · see citing works
(1973) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,144 · see citing works
Review of research in education
Shulman, L. S., Mowry, S., & Berliner, D. C. (1973) · F.E. Peacock eBooks · Cited by 7,754 · see citing works
You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope
Carver, C. S. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6 · Cited by 7,361 · see citing works
Journal of social behavior and personality
(1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90025-5 · Cited by 6,751 · see citing works
Social learning and clinical psychology.
Rotter, J. B. (1954) · Prentice-Hall, Inc eBooks · doi:10.1037/10788-000 · Cited by 3,870 · see citing works
Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales
Wallston, K. A., Strudler Wallston, B., & DeVellis, R. (1978) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817800600107 · Cited by 3,373 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Enhanced Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales—Form A (MHLC) All participants completed the 24-item enhanced MHLC, including the newly added GLHC scale (Wallston et al., 1978, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationApplied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315814919 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences.
Brooks, S. P., & Stevens, J. P. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348967 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses.
Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.302 · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Religion and the Problem-Solving Process: Three Styles of Coping
Pargäment, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathaway, W. L., Grevengoed, N., Newman, J. S., & Jones, W. (1988) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387404 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Social Psychology of Health and Illness.
Charmaz, K. C., Sanders, G. S., & Suls, J. M. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068119 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Pargäment, K. I., Ensing, D. S., Falgout, K., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., Haitsma, K. S. V., & Warren, R. (1990) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00938065 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion
Lynn, M. L., & Moberg, D. O. (1999) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004493285_015 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Form C of the MHLC Scales: A Condition-Specific Measure of Locus of Control
Wallston, K. A., Stein, M. J., & Smith, C. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_10 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Religion as Quest: 1) Validity Concerns
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387277 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Social Psychological Foundations of Health and Illness
Suls, J. M. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753552 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Measuring Religion as Quest: 2) Reliability Concerns
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387278 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Hocus-pocus, the focus isn't strictly on locus: Rotter's social learning theory modified for health
Wallston, K. A. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173488 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Psychology of Health and Illness
Sanders, G. S., & Suls, J. M. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203762967 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Appraisals of control and predictability in adapting to a chronic disease.
Affleck, G. G., Tennen, H. A., Pfeiffer, C. A., & Fifield, J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.2.273 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Assessing Subjective Well-Being in the Old-Old
Kercher, K. (1992) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027592142001 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Jr. Shapiro Deane, H., Schwartz, C. E., & Astin, J. A. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.51.12.1213 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Faith and health: psychological perspectives
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-4875 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Appraisals of control and predictability in adapting to a chronic disease.
Affleck, G. G., Tennen, H. A., Pfeiffer, C. A., et al. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.273 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The relationship between positive and negative affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., & Burns, L. R. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00007-7 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Shapiro, D. H., Schwartz, C. E., & Astin, J. A. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.12.1213 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Health-related information seeking as a function of health-related locus of control and health value
Wallston, K. A., Maides, S. A., & Wallston, B. S. (1976) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(76)90074-x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationFaith and Health: Psychological Perspectives
Boehnlein, J. K. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200211000-00018 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Does God Determine Your Health? The God Locus of Health Control Scale
Wallston, K. A., Malcarne, V. L., Flores, L., Hansdóttir, I., Smith, C. A., Stein, M. J., Weisman, M. H., & Clements, P. J. (1999) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018723010685 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationA Primer on the Logic and Use of Canonical Correlation Analysis.
Thompson, B. (1991) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Burns, L. R., Kohlmann, C., & Höck, M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.528 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Barcikowski, R. S., & Stevens, J. P. (1975) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1003_8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Leganger, A., & Kraft, P. (2003) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053030083006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Wu, A. M. S., Tang, C. S., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2004) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860310001613293 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Why do diabetic patients not attend appointments with their dietitian?
Spikmans, F., Brug, J., Doven, M. M. B., Kruizenga, H. M., Hofsteenge, G. H., & de van der Schueren, M. A. E. (2003) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.2003.00435.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
God Control: The Fourth Dimension
Welton, G. L., Adkins, A. G., Ingle, S. L., & Dixon, W. A. (1996) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164719602400102 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
9: Multivariate Analysis in Educational Research
Tatsuoka, M. M. (1973) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x001001273 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Robles, R., & Páez, F. (2003) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Advances in educational research : substantive findings, methodological developments
Thompson, B. (1991) · JAI Press eBooks · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Health-Related Behavior and Beliefs of Pregnant Smokers.
Haslam, C. O., & Lawrence, W. T. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.486 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
How to measure the value of health
Smith, M. S., & Wallston, K. (1992) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/7.1.129 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationArmitage, C. J. (2003) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/0887044031000141216 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chaplin, W. F., Davidson, K. W., Sparrow, V., et al. (2001) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910530100600407 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Alternative medicine and allergies
Schäfer, T., Riehle, A., Wichmann, H. ‐., & Ring, J. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00015-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Do health control beliefs predict behaviour in Russians?
Perlman, F., Bobák, M., Steptoe, A., Rose, R., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00085-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Campbell, K., & Taylor, D. L. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1996.9943801 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Coping and Adjustment to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Smith, C. A., Wallston, K. A., & Dwyer, K. A. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470753552.ch17 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine
Park, C. L., Masters, K. S., Salsman, J. M., Wachholtz, A., Clements, A. D., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Trevino, K., & Wischenka, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9755-5 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Masters, K. S., & Wallston, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Masters, Kevin S.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 719-731
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- OpenAlex
- W1977056581
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- health locus of control, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, coping, affect, values, positive affect, passive coping, collaborative control, self and God, canonical correlation analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Female, Health Status, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Religion, Social Values, Health Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
