The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health
Open accessAbstract
To examine risk and resilience factors that affect health, lifetime stress exposure histories, dispositional forgiveness levels, and mental and physical health were assessed in 148 young adults. Greater lifetime stress severity and lower levels of forgiveness each uniquely predicted worse mental and physical health. Analyses also revealed a graded Stress × Forgiveness interaction effect, wherein associations between stress and mental health were weaker for persons exhibiting more forgiveness. These data are the first to elucidate the interactive effects of cumulative stress severity and forgiveness on health, and suggest that developing a more forgiving coping style may help minimize stress-related disorders.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 148 young adults, greater lifetime stress severity and lower dispositional forgiveness each uniquely predicted worse mental and physical health. Forgiveness moderated the stress–mental health link in a graded fashion but did not moderate the stress–physical health link.
Key findings
- Greater lifetime stress severity was associated with more mental health symptoms (β = 0.42, p < .001) and more physical health symptoms (β = 0.49, p < .001), while higher forgivingness predicted fewer mental (β = −0.34, p < .001) and physical (β = −0.19, p < .01) health symptoms.
- Forgivingness significantly moderated the effect of lifetime stress severity on mental health (β = −.173, p < .01): stress–mental health associations were strongest at low forgivingness (β = 0.68, p < .05), weaker at moderate forgivingness (β = 0.41, p < .05), and nonsignificant at high forgivingness (β = 0.15, p > .05).
- Forgivingness did not moderate the effect of lifetime stress severity on physical health (β = −0.02, p > .05).
- Bivariate correlations showed lifetime stress severity related to mental (r = .54, p < .001) and physical (r = .55, p < .001) health symptoms; forgivingness related negatively to mental (r = −.48, p < .001) and physical (r = −.35, p < .001) symptoms.
Methods
- Cross-sectional, correlational online study of 148 young adults recruited from a mid-sized liberal arts college in the Midwest; sample was 54% women, mean age 19.32 years (SD = 2.80), and 99% began college within the past 4 years.
- Measures included the STRAIN for lifetime stress exposure, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale for forgivingness, the Kessler 6 for mental health symptoms, and the 14-item Physical Health Questionnaire for physical health symptoms.
- Primary analyses used hierarchical regression models entering lifetime stress severity and forgivingness as direct effects, then their interaction, followed by simple slopes analyses at low, moderate, and high forgivingness.
Limitations
- The paper states that the study is cross-sectional and correlational, so conclusions about directionality and causality cannot be made.
- The paper states that it focused on major life stressors, did not examine daily hassles, role strain, or traumatic life stress, used self-reported health, did not examine sex differences, and relied on a convenience sample.
- Evident from the text: the sample was young, mostly single, over 99% without children, and recruited from one college campus, which limits generalizability to other populations and life stages.
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Claims the paper makes
12 Not checked yet · 10 Own result · 7 Own method · 3 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to our hypothesis, forgivingness did not moderate the effects of cumulative lifetime stress severity on physical health (β = −0.02, p > .05; see Table 1, Physical Health Model 2).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Primary analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, greater lifetime stress severity was negatively related to forgivingness (r=−.26, p<.01, and r=−.33, p<.001, respectively).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“forgivingness significantly moderated the effects of lifetime stress severity on mental health (β=−.173, p<.01; see Table 1, Mental Health Model 2).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Primary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“forgivingness was negatively related to mental (r=−.48, p<.001) and physical health symptoms (r=−.35, p<.001).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“forgivingness was negatively related to mental (r=−.48, p<.001) and physical health symptoms (r=−.35, p<.001).”
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
“higher levels of forgivingness predicting fewer mental health symptoms (β =−0.34, p<.001)”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants with low levels of forgivingness (1.5 SDs or more below the mean) showed the strongest associations between lifetime stress severity and mental health symptoms (β=0.68, p < .05)”
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
“followed by participants exhibiting moderate amounts of forgivingness (within 1.5 SDs of the mean) (β=0.41, p<.05), and finally by participants with high levels of forgivingness (1.5 SDs or more above the mean) (β=0.15, p > .05).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Primary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, participants experiencing more mental health symptoms also experienced more physical health symptoms (r=.56, p<.001).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater total lifetime stressor severity was strongly associated with having more mental (r=.54, p<.001) and physical (r=.55, p<.001) health symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
“greater lifetime stress severity predicting more mental health symptoms (β=0.42, p < .001)”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
boostedcorrelationaln = 148 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater total lifetime stressor severity was strongly associated with having more mental (r=.54, p<.001) and physical (r=.55, p<.001) health symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
“greater lifetime stress severity predicting more physical health symptoms (β = 0.49, p < .001)”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
boostedcorrelationaln = 148 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Primary analyses · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, this is a cross-sectional, correlational study and, as such, conclusions about directionality and causality cannot be made.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In bivariate analyses, most of the 20 stress severity indices were strongly associated with poorer health. As shown in Figure 1, only reproductive-, legal/criminal-, death-, and theft-related stressors were unrelated to health.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Results > Preliminary analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, we did not examine potentially important sex differences, and future studies with larger samples might address this question.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, this study utilized a convenience sample.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Psychometric work on the HFS shows acceptable confirmatory factor analyses, convergent/divergent validity, and internal and test–retest reliability (Thompson et al., 2005).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thompson et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the HFS for this study was excellent (α = .90).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, health was self-reported, and although the measures we used were psychometrically sound, objective measures of health status should also be investigated.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present data are the first to demonstrate that lifetime stress severity and forgivingness both have unique, independent effects on mental and physical health.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that perceptions of stress fully mediate associations between forgiveness and mental and physical health symptoms (Green et al., 2012), and that forgiveness partially mediates the link between traumatic stress exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (Orcutt et al., 2005).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Orcutt et al., 2005
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Demonstrating a buffering effect of forgiveness on stress-related health symptoms requires evidence of moderation.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Psychometric work on the PHQ shows acceptable exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, excellent convergent/divergent validity, and strong internal consistency (Schat et al., 2005).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schat et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has demonstrated that forgiveness is associated with several mental health outcomes, including less anxiety, depression, and other major psychiatric disorders (Hirsch et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2004; Ryan and Kumar, 2005; Toussaint and Cheadle, 2009a; Toussaint et al., 2008).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Lin et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Ryan and Kumar, 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this context, forgiveness predicts fewer physical health symptoms, better overall physical health (Lawler et al., 2005; Seawell et al., 2014), healthier cardiovascular responses to stress (Lawler et al., 2003), and lower rates of cardiovascular disease (Friedberg et al., 2007; Toussaint and Cheadle, 2009b; Waltman et al., 2009).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lawler et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Seawell et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Lawler et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the PHQ for this study was good (α = .82).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The K6 possesses excellent psychometric properties (Kessler et al., 2002, 2010).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2002, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Forgiveness has been conceptualized as an emotion-focused coping process or style that can help people manage negative psychological and emotional experiences (i.e. unforgiveness) evoked by interpersonal conflict and stress (Strelan and Covic, 2006; Worthington and Scherer, 2004).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Strelan and Covic, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Worthington and Scherer, 2004
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The validity of this question set has been demonstrated in the context of predicting metabolic health (Kurtzman et al., 2012), cancer-related fatigue (Bower et al., 2014), and psychological and physical health (Slavich and Epel, in preparation).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kurtzman et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Bower et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Slavich and Epel, in preparation
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The STRAIN is an online stress assessment system that measures individuals’ lifetime exposure to 96 different types of acute and chronic stress that affect health (Slavich and Epel, 2010; see http://www.uclastresslab.org/STRAIN).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich and Epel, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the K6 for this study was excellent (α = .90).”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little research has examined whether forgivingness moderates or buffers associations between stress and health.
“In contrast to this mediational work, little research has examined whether forgivingness moderates or buffers associations between stress and health, despite the fact that the transactional model and the adapted stress and coping model of forgiveness offer the theoretical flexibility to consider coping variables as both mediators and moderators (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984).”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is not known whether forgiveness offers a protective benefit in the stress–health relationship.
“Evidence suggests that reductions in stress perceptions may help explain why forgiveness is related to health (Green et al., 2012; Orcutt et al., 2005), but to date it is not known if forgiveness offers a protective benefit in the stress–health equation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cumulative life stress measured with the STRAIN has so far been associated with worse health, including poor self-reported physical health (Toussaint et al., 2016), impaired cognitive functioning (Goldfarb et al., 2017; Shields et al., 2017), and greater cancer-related depression and fatigue (Bower et al., 2014; Dooley et al., 2017).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Toussaint et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The 14-item Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ) assesses somatic symptoms (Spence et al., 1987). Responses to 12 items are given on a 1 (not at all) to 7 (all the time) scale, and responses to 3 items are given on a 0 times to 7+ times scale.”
§ Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health > Method > Measures
Reported 14 · recomputed 15
Citations
Cites
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272 · cited 2×
“These effects exceed those of other well-known risk factors, such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010), and account for substantial morbidity and mortality (Pedersen et al.”
BackgroundEffects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
American Philosophical Quarterly
(2023) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.60.4.09 · Cited by 3,244
Psychological Stress and Disease
Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 · Cited by 3,168
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“(Cohen et al., 2007; Conway et al., 2014; Slavich and Irwin, 2014; Taylor, 2010), few studies have actually measured the severity of lifetime exposure to stress and examined its effects on health.”
BackgroundSelf-citationStress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives
Pearlin, L. I., Schieman, S., Fazio, E. M., & Meersman, S. C. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600206 · Cited by 1,544
Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., Furukawa, T. A., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.310 · Cited by 1,434
Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., et al. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x · Cited by 1,081
Worthington, E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/0887044042000196674 · Cited by 929
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Cohen J, 2003, Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation for the Behavioral Sciences
- Lazarus RS, 1984, Strss Appraisal, and Coping
- Pedersen AF, 2011, The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health, 425
- Slavich GM, 2010, The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN): An Automated System for Assessing Cumulative Stress Exposure
- Toussaint L, 2009, Religion and Psychology, 135
- Wade NG, 2005, Handbook of Forgiveness, 423
Cited by
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Items 201–251 of 251
Cooper, J. A., Nuutinen, M. R., Lawlor, V. M., DeVries, B. A. M., Barrick, E. M., Hossein, S., Cole, D. C., Leonard, C. V., Teer, A. P., Shields, G. S., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.131946
Self-citationStress Alleviation – Benefitting From The Twenty-Fifth Flash of Saʿīd Nursī’s Lem’alar
Bahari, C. A., Faris, W. F., & Mardiana, M. (2020) · The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)
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Trauma-Informed Self-care: Emotional and Spiritual Resilience and Healing
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Metadata
- Authors
- Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Luther College (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Toussaint, Loren
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-08-19
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1004-1014
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- PMC
- PMC4363296
- OpenAlex
- W2127698766
- Semantic Scholar
- 09680b2198e7426baeedaa6cd67a0547ba79fd74
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 14.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH103443)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA140933)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- dispositional forgiveness, mental health, physical health, young adults, coping styles, stress-related disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Students, Young Adult, Forgiveness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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