Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative
Open accessAbstract
Data are reported on the background and performance of the K6 screening scale for serious mental illness (SMI) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. The K6 is a six‐item scale developed to provide a brief valid screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM‐IV) SMI based on the criteria in the US ADAMHA Reorganization Act. Although methodological studies have documented good K6 validity in a number of countries, optimal scoring rules have never been proposed. Such rules are presented here based on analysis of K6 data in nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys in 14 countries (combined N = 41,770 respondents). Twelve‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV SMI was assessed with the fully‐structured WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Nested logistic regression analysis was used to generate estimates of the predicted probability of SMI for each respondent from K6 scores, taking into consideration the possibility of variable concordance as a function of respondent age, gender, education, and country. Concordance, assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was generally substantial (median 0.83; range 0.76–0.89; inter‐quartile range 0.81–0.85). Based on this result, optimal scaling rules are presented for use by investigators working with the K6 scale in the countries studied. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The K6 has been widely applied with good psychometric properties in a range of sociocultural settings.
“The K6 has been widely applied with good psychometric properties in a range of sociocultural settings. 34”
From Guided self-help to reduce psychological distress in South Sudanese female refugees in Uganda: A cluster randomised trial (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., Furukawa, T. A., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., Lara, C., Lee, S., Mneimneh, Z., Myer, L., Oakley‐Browne, M., Posada‐Villa, J., Sagar, R., Viana, M. C., & Zaslavsky, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development (RO)
- Nagoya City University (JP)
- University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
- Shenzhen KangNing Hospital (CN)
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05-31
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 4-22
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC3659799
- OpenAlex
- W2021054271
- Cited by
- 1,434
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 144 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 34.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558, R13-MH066849)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Kaiser Permanente
- University of Michigan
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (03/00204-3, 03/00204?)
- Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
- Shire
- Jawaharlal Institute Of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R0 1-MH61905, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, R01MH061905, R01MH059575, MH60220, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03TW006481, R03TW006481)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- severe mental illness, mental disorder screening, diagnostic agreement, 12-month prevalence, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, World Mental Health Survey Initiative, cross-cultural validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, International Cooperation, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, World Health Organization, Reproducibility of Results, Community Health Planning, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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