Cited by 278Disability Education and EmploymentAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchEmployment and Welfare Studies

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Factors impacting employment for people with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review

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Scott, Melissa, Milbourn, Ben, Falkmer, Marita, Black, Melissa, Bӧlte, Sven, Halladay, Alycia, Lerner, Matthew, Taylor, Julie Lounds, Girdler, Sonya·2019·Autism

DOI 10.1177/1362361318787789

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to holistically synthesise the extent and range of literature relating to the employment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Database searches of Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus, ERIC, Web of Science and EMBASE were conducted. Studies describing adults with autism spectrum disorder employed in competitive, supported or sheltered employment were included. Content analysis was used to identify the strengths and abilities in the workplace of employees with autism spectrum disorder. Finally, meaningful concepts relating to employment interventions were extracted and linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for autism spectrum disorder. The search identified 134 studies for inclusion with methodological quality ranging from limited to strong. Of these studies, only 36 evaluated employment interventions that were coded and linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, primarily focusing on modifying autism spectrum disorder characteristics for improved job performance, with little consideration of the impact of contextual factors on work participation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for autism spectrum disorder are a useful tool in holistically examining the employment literature for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This review highlighted the key role that environmental factors play as barriers and facilitators in the employment of people with autism spectrum disorder and the critical need for interventions which target contextual factors if employment outcomes are to be improved.

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“Therefore, by exploring specific work sectors, such a positioning aligns with the social model of disability, whereby the focus is less on within-person inclinations, and more on the impact of the environment in relation to individual characteristics (Scott et al. 2019).”
Countering Conformity: Embracing the “Other” and Supporting Employees with High-functioning Autism in Canadian Academic Libraries
Giles‐Smith, L., & Popowich, E. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0732-067120200000041006 · Cited by 3
The Many Faces of Social Withdrawal in Hikikomori
Kirjavainen, H., & Jalonen, H. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57847-3_11 · Cited by 3
Strengths in Neurodivergence
Gogne, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86588-6_7 · Cited by 2
Autism Knowledge Matters: Perceptions of an Autistic Employee’s Competency and Attitudes Toward Workplace Social Inclusion
Szechy, K. A., & O’Donnell, L. A. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2024.0261 · Cited by 1
Managing the gap: parental caregiving while co-residing with an autistic adult child, not in education, employment or training
Ljungberg, M., Ulmanen, P., & Hagström, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2025.2516429 · Cited by 2
“Many autistic adults report challenges with employment (Scott et al., 2019) and their parental caregivers describe how they play a key role in their employment processes (Wilson et al., 2023).”
Neurodivergent Talent in the Workforce
Mathew, T., Varghese, R., & Latha, K. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0350-5.ch007 · Cited by 2
Caught in the Web of the Net? Part II: A Motivation-Based Developmental Psychopathology Model for the Aberrant Internet Use in (Young) People with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Muris, P., Otgaar, H., Donkers, F. C. L., Ollendick, T. H., & Deckers, A. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00539-1 · Cited by 3
“…social contacts (Tobin et al., 2014), face obstacles with following and completing appropriate education (Nuske et al., 2019a, 2019b) or finding and maintaining proper employment (Scott et al., 2019), and have problems with understanding and regulating their emotions (Cibralic et al., 2019).”
Influential
Building workforce capacity to better respond to homelessness: a scoping review of training programs for health professionals
Taylor, S. L., Cathcart, M., Rasheed, A. E., Weeden, I., D'Cunha, I., & Girdler, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2025.2564483 · Cited by 2
“Accessible patient-centred services, including trust in the clinician and general trust in the healthcare system can encourage homeless individuals to seek out routine and preventative medical care (Carmichael et al., 2023; Davies & Wood, 2018; Scott et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2023).”
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the operationalized ICF Core Sets for autism and ADHD: item metrics, reliability, and validity
Alehagen, L., Hasslinger, J., Black, M. H., Wessman, E., & Bölte, S. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2581019 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Breaking barriers, building futures: Inclusive workplaces for autistic people
Failla, C., Chilà, P., Baluci, D., Caporlingua, C., Meduri, A., Pioggia, G., & Marino, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1606075 · Cited by 4
“Another crucial aspect can be performed by mobile applications and software for time management and planning that help reduce organizational dif ﬁ culties, allowing more ef ﬁ cient management of complex activities (16).”
Career counselors' attitudes about employment-related skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders in Greece
Stampoltzis, A., Peristeri, E., & Kalouri, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1662929 · Cited by 2
Application of machine learning to predict employment attainment among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Lee, C. E., Koo, J., & Li, C. (2025) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105181 · Cited by 2
Otizmli Bireylerin İstihdamında Örgüt Desteğinin Rolü
Efeoğlu, İ. E., & Kılınçarslan, Ö. (2020) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.755678 · Cited by 2
View of the Work Community and Vocational Rehabilitation Services Among Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Doran, J. D., McCrary, S. G., Morrison, B., Hiruma, L., & Chan, D. V. (2023) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/00343552231155217 · Cited by 2
“Despite these challenges, individuals with ASD exhibit strengths at work, including detail orientation, strong morality, dependability, and technical expertise (Scott et al., 2019).”
Interventions for Work/Employment Participation for Autistic Adults (2013–2020)
Jirikowic, T., Ideishi, R. I., Bendixen, R. M., Pfeiffer, B., Smythe, R., & Benevides, T. W. (2023) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2023.77s10010 · Cited by 2
Autistic Perspective on Workplace Disclosure and Accommodation
Samtleben, E. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Autism Equity · doi:10.15173/cjae.v4i1.5422 · Cited by 4
Creating a diversity climate in the workplace: A mixed methods study into knowledge of autism and attitudes toward hiring autistic people in the United Kingdom
Vincent, J., Harkry, L., & Hamilton, L. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-240039 · Cited by 2
“…interest in future hiring (Anderson et al., 2015; Flower et al., 2021; Scott et al., 2019; Teindl et al., 2018) and there is evidence of successful employment experiences in healthcare, retail, hos-pitality, warehousing, education, and government departments although this work tends to be low…”
Experiences of autistic people in supported employment in France: a participatory research project
Dachez, J., Seksek, S., Ete, N., Bianciotto, M., Toubhans, M.-P., Nasri, Z. R., Bureau, R., & Garnier, P. (2024) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-03-2024-0022 · Cited by 3
The to be, or not to be, of acting autistic
Dean, M., & Nordahl‐Hansen, A. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241290270 · Cited by 2
“…(Crompton et al., 2021; Milton et al., 2018) can make navigating common workplace experiences difficult, like interviewing and asking for on-the-job supports (Dreaver et al., 2020; Lerman et al., 2017; Rosales & Whitlow, 2019; Scott et al., 2019; Shattuck et al., 2012; Whelpley et al., 2021).”
The Impact of Psychoeducation Interventions on Social Skills in Autistic 5–12-Year-Olds: A Narrative Systematic Review
Powell, L., Parker, J., Stott, J., & Colbert, E. J. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251356718 · Cited by 2
Principles for Successful Employment Integration of People with HF-ASD
Syvan, A., & Pearlman-Avnion, S. (2019) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28833-4_7 · Cited by 3
Self-Perceived Independent Living Skills and Self-Determination as a Method of Evaluating a Residential Program in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Janwadkar, R., Byun, S. S., Rootes, A., & Prakash, N. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18133 · Cited by 2
Investigating Recommended Jobs for Generation A Individuals With High-functioning Autism to Enhance Person-job Fit
Kaupins, G. E. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-256-020211005 · Cited by 2
Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disabilities
Memišević, H., Đorđević, M., & Glumbić, N. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_7 · Cited by 2
Efficacy of Anti-Discrimination Legislation – The Case of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Stephenson, J. H. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80262-263-820220010 · Cited by 2
Autismo: perspectivas e desafios na condução de um diagnóstico cada vez mais frequente
da Silva, E. P., Picanço, M. R. D. A., Felipe, T. G., & de Miranda, U. J. P. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n2-253 · Cited by 2
Percepção do autista e sua inclusão nas organizações: \"Nada sobre nós, sem nós\"
Rodrigues, C. K. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.12.2023.tde-24102023-154930 · Cited by 2
Commentary on the Special Issue: Services, Consultation, and the Inclusion of Autistic People
Giese, A., & Harris, J. (2024) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation · doi:10.1080/10474412.2024.2366234 · Cited by 2
“…by people with A/autism, and the fact that job rates are still lower for A/autistic people than the general population (Lipscomb et al., 2017; Scott et al., 2019; Taylor & Seltzer, 2011), gives us an opportunity to include A/autistic people in ways that can benefit those who are giving and…”
Background
Understanding the experiences of autistic high school students and neurodivergent job coaches in a summer employment program: an interpretive description study
Firouzeh, P., Hlyva, O., Freeman, M., Jang, H., & Rezze, B. D. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2450768 · Cited by 1
“…have shifted from impairment-focused models to strength-based models to create a supportive environment for the neurodivergent population [10]. to address this model, these programs have focused on fostering employment-related skills that promote vocational success rather than changing…”
Supporting the Differently-Abled: Bibliometric Review of Two Decades of Research on Disability Inclusion in the Workplace
Kumari, N., & Lenka, U. (2025) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2025.2482688 · Cited by 1
“More research is required on how we can give long-term employment to people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Scott et al., 2019).”
Influential
“I made friends a lot more easily”: children and families’ experiences of social group programs for children on the autism spectrum
Hayden‐Evans, M., Afsharnejad, B., Lee, E. A. L., Milbourn, B. T., Picen, T., Johnson, M., Bölte, S., & Girdler, S. J. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-05686-6 · Cited by 1
“Today, autism increases the risk of school-aged children experiencing negative outcomes in relation to mental health and academic achievement, impacting their future employment opportunities [7–9].”
Self-citation
‘Is this still the right place for him?’ A mother’s autoethnography on the barriers to her child’s inclusion
Clasquin-Johnson, M. G. (2025) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2025.2501122 · Cited by 1
“Persons with disabilities such as autism are marginalised in relation to educational access, learning and attainment (Wodon et al. 2018) adversely affecting outcomes, mental health and quality of life (Scott et al. 2019).”
Parents' perspectives on the quality of life of adolescents living with autism spectrum disorder in Ghana
Atchulo, K., Korsah, K. A., & Farhan, A. A. (2025) · Women and Children Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.wcn.2025.05.002 · Cited by 1
Testing an Advocacy Program to Improve Service Access Among Latino Families of Autistic Youth: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Burke, M. M., Ramos‐Torres, S., Espinosa, G. H., Hincapie, A. L., Aleman‐Tovar, J., Perez, R., & Puente, C. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70068 · Cited by 1
Strengths-Based Cybersecurity Education and Training Program for Autistic Adolescents: A Feasibility Study
Rumsa, S., Afsharnejad, B., Lee, E. A. L., Bölte, S., Tan, T., & Girdler, S. J. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251370656 · Cited by 1
“Such strengths-based approaches are grounded in the positive psychology framework (Park & Peterson, 2008), which posits that focusing on an individual ’ s strengths rather than their limitations can lead to better adult outcomes (Lee et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2018).”
Self-citation
Successful Transition Planning for Students with Intellectual Disability and Extensive Support Needs
Fisher, M. H., Englehart, V., Kam, C., Norwine, L., Patino, K., Patterson, A., Rodríguez, M. D. C., Bouck, E. C., Sung, C., & Taylor, J. (2025) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60258-0_18 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Employer Experiences and Perspectives of Autistic Employees in Competitive Integrated Employment
Athamanah, L. S., White, K., Frala, H., & Scherrer, B. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07045-x · Cited by 1
Occupational Risk Prevention in People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the State of the Art
Álvarez, M. T., & Peralta, E. (2025) · Safety · doi:10.3390/safety11040097 · Cited by 2
“As also noted by Scott et al. [39], employment support services tend to apply generalized approaches that fail to account for the range of profiles and needs that exist within the spectrum.”
The vocational experience of autistic adults: a self-deterministic perspective
Vacca, T., & Chen, C. P. (2025) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-025-09781-z · Cited by 1
Evaluating the Impact of Integrated Practical Placement Programmes on Students With Intellectual Disabilities
Burgin, H. J., Hooper, J., Forbes‐Nicholson, A., & Koutoukidis, G. (2026) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.70184 · Cited by 1
The Preliminary Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Virtual Reality Job Interview and Workplace Communication Training Program for Autistic Adults
Chen, P.-R., Huang, T.-R., Ouhyoung, M., Liang, R., Gau, S. S., & Chien, Y. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581251359517 · Cited by 2
“These differences can impede effective communication with coworkers, hinder integration into workplace culture, 1,2 and lead to bias and misunderstandings from non-autistic colleagues.”
Redesigning Employment Systems for Neurodivergent Inclusion
Yan, C. O. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9541-7.ch011 · Cited by 1

Authors: Scott, M., Milbourn, B., Falkmer, M., Black, M., Bӧlte, S., Halladay, A., Lerner, M., Taylor, J. L., & Girdler, S.
Affiliations: Curtin University (AU)
Curtin University, Australia
Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Stony Brook University (US)
Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital (US)
ORCID: Scott, Melissa
Falkmer, Marita
Black, Melissa
Halladay, Alycia
Lerner, Matthew
Taylor, Julie Lounds
Girdler, Sonya
Venue: Autism
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2018-08-03
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Pages: 869-901
ISSN: 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
1461-7005
DOI: 10.1177/1362361318787789
OpenAlex: W2887381641
Cited by: 278
References: 183
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 9
FWCI: 30.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Autism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism
International Society for Autism Research
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, employment, supported employment, sheltered employment, competitive employment, employment interventions, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, contextual factors, work participation
MeSH terms: Work Performance, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Employment, Humans, Rehabilitation, Vocational, Sheltered Workshops, Social Environment, Employment, Supported, Workplace, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

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Factors impacting employment for people with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review

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