The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chasing shadows: defining network boundaries in qualitative social network analysis
Open accessAbstract
Defining network boundaries is a key challenge in social network analysis. In our recent qualitative study of network influences on educational decision-making — based on interviews with 107 individuals from 16 case study networks — the set of members with whom interviews were secured in each case represented only a sub-set of the broader networks from which they were drawn. Following an introduction to our study and an outline of our approach, we consider some of the processes of filtering and selection that affected the specific composition of our network sample, and reflect upon what this tells us about the processes by which participants in network-based research make decisions about the representation of their networks within research contexts. We then explore the question of whether the partiality of our data actually matters, and conclude that it reflects the permeable, partial and dynamic nature of social networks, characteristics which are central to qualitatively-informed understandings of SNA.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A growing body of research (e.g., Heath et al. 2009, Edwards 2010, Hollstein 2014, Bellotti 2014, Ahrens 2018, Yousefi Nooraie et al. 2020) highlights the benefits of integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in SNA to gain a more comprehensive understanding of social phenomena.”
From A heuristic framework to portray agroecological transition initiatives in reflexive arrangements, illustrated with a conservation agriculture network in Denmark (2025) · cites this paper as Heath et al. 2009
Citations
Cites
Granovetter, M. S. (1973) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/225469 · Cited by 40,491
Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish
Barnes, J. A. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700102 · Cited by 1,968
Family and Kinship in East London
Burchinal, L. G., Young, M., & Willmott, P. (1958) · Marriage and Family Living · doi:10.2307/347379 · Cited by 1,467
Knoke, D., & Yang, S. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412985864 · Cited by 1,274
Chambers, R., & Bott, E. (1958) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/587916 · Cited by 1,021
Degrees of Choice: social class, race and gender in higher education
Reay, D., DAVID, M. E., & Ball, S. J. (2005) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 948
Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
Giele, J. Z., & Elder, G. H. (1998) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483348919 · Cited by 921
Degrees of Choice: social class, race and gender in higher education
Reay, D., DAVID, M. E., & Ball, S. J. (2005) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 649
Choice, pathways, and transitions post-16 : new youth, new economies in the global city
Ball, S. J., Maguire, M., & Macrae, S. (2000) · Cited by 533
Link Analysis: An Information Science Approach
Egghe, L. (2004) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1876-0562(2004)04 · Cited by 232
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Antonucci, T., 1985, ‘Personal Characteristics, Social Support, and Social Behaviour’
- Edwards, G., 2009, Methodological Innovations On-Line, 3
- Emmel, N., 2008, Real Life Methods Toolkit
- Foskett, R., Paper presented at Commonwealth Council for Education, Administration and Management conference
- Heath, S., Paper presented at British Sociological Association Youth Study Group seminar on ‘Young People and Education’
- Johnston, B., Paper presented at NCRM Methodological Workshop, ‘Researching Family and Friendship-based Intergenerational Networks: Qualitative Perspectives’
- Johnston, B., Non-participation in HE Working Paper Series
- Pahl, R., 2000, On Friendship
- Scott, J., 2002, ‘General Introduction’
- Thomson, R., Paper presented at NCRM Methodological Workshop, ‘Researching Family and Friendship-based Intergenerational Networks: Qualitative Perspectives’
- Trotter, R., 1999, ‘Friends, Relatives and Relevant Others: Conducting Ethnographic Network Studies’
Cited by
Changing times: Migrants’ social network analysis and the challenges of longitudinal research
Ryan, L., & D’Angelo, A. (2017) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.003 · Cited by 165
Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere
Sharman, A. (2014) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.003 · Cited by 138
Visual Network Analysis: a qualitative method for researching sociomaterial practice
Decuypere, M. (2019) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794118816613 · Cited by 122
The Visual Sociogram in Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research
Tubaro, P., Ryan, L., & D’Angelo, A. (2016) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.3864 · Cited by 120
Talking Ties: Reflecting on Network Visualisation and Qualitative Interviewing
Ryan, L., Mulholland, J., & Agoston, A. (2014) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.3404 · Cited by 119
Bravington, A., & KING, N. M. (2018) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794118781718 · Cited by 105
Macro, meso, micro: broadening the ‘social’ of social network analysis with a mixed methods approach
Bolíbar, M. (2015) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0259-0 · Cited by 101
Karim, M. S., Kwong, C. C. Y., Shrivastava, M., & Tamvada, J. P. (2022) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00594-2 · Cited by 85
Networks in the Social Sciences
Vicsek, L., Király, G., & Kónya, H. (2016) · Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.14267/cjssp.2016.02.04 · Cited by 72
Ryan, L. (2015) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2015.1015409 · Cited by 71
Whelan, E., Teigland, R., Vaast, E., & Butler, B. S. (2016) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2016.03.001 · Cited by 63
Mapping movements: a call for qualitative social network analysis
Luxton, I., & Sbicca, J. (2020) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794120927678 · Cited by 60
Qualitative network analysis for migration studies: Beyond metaphors and epistemological pitfalls
Ryan, L., & Dahinden, J. (2021) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12319 · Cited by 53
The presentation of the networked self: Ethics and epistemology in social network analysis
D’Angelo, A., & Ryan, L. (2019) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2019.06.002 · Cited by 50
Ilukor, J., Regina Birner, B., Rwamigisa, P. B., & Nantima, N. (2015) · Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1017/s0014479714000398 · Cited by 49
O’Sullivan, K., Robson, J., & Winters, N. (2018) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1460591 · Cited by 49
Edwards, G. (2013) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2013.834251 · Cited by 45
Social network analysis: Presenting an underused method for nursing research
Parnell, J. M., & Robinson, J. C. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13541 · Cited by 44
Atherley, A., Nimmon, L., Teunissen, P. W., Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Hegazi, I., & Hu, W. C. Y. (2020) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14382 · Cited by 43
Governance networks for agroecology transitions in rural Europe
Gava, O., Vanni, F., Schwarz, G., Guisepelli, E., Vincent, A., Pražan, J., Weißhaidinger, R., Frick, R., Hrabalová, A., Carolus, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103482 · Cited by 41
Utilising social network research in the qualitative exploration of gamblers’ social relationships
Dobbie, F., Reith, G., & McConville, S. (2017) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794117710323 · Cited by 40
Team‐external coordination in large‐scale software development projects
Šāblis, A., Šmite, D., & Moe, N. B. (2020) · Journal of Software Evolution and Process · doi:10.1002/smr.2297 · Cited by 40
Telling network stories: researching migrants' changing social relations in places over time
Ryan, L. (2020) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12295 · Cited by 40
Schipper, D., & Spekkink, W. (2015) · Complexity Governance & Networks · doi:10.7564/15-cgn23 · Cited by 38
Factors influencing usage of urban blue spaces: A systems-based approach to identify leverage points
Smith, N., Georgiou, M., King, A. C., Tieges, Z., & CHASTIN, S. F. M. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102735 · Cited by 37
Ruseva, T. B., Evans, T. P., & Fischer, B. C. (2014) · Small-scale Forestry · doi:10.1007/s11842-014-9260-z · Cited by 37
What Social Networks Do in the Aftermath of Domestic Violence
Hydén, M. (2015) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azv099 · Cited by 34
Social network analysis and festival cities: an exploration of concepts, literature and methods
Jarman, D., Theodoraki, E., Hall, H., & Ali‐Knight, J. (2014) · International Journal of Event and Festival Management · doi:10.1108/ijefm-11-2013-0034 · Cited by 33
Eräranta, S., & Mladenović, M. N. (2020) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2020.1739637 · Cited by 33
Analyzing Meaning-Making in Network Ties—A Qualitative Approach
Bernhard, S. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406918787103 · Cited by 33
Costa, J. (2022) · Trends in Organized Crime · doi:10.1007/s12117-021-09439-6 · Cited by 30
Boyle, E., Gallachóir, B. Ó., & Mullally, G. (2021) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2021.1936472 · Cited by 29
Sommer, E., & Gamper, M. (2020) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12302 · Cited by 29
Visual network research (VNR) – a theoretical and methodological appraisal of an evolving field
Gamper, M., & Schönhuth, M. (2020) · Visual Studies · doi:10.1080/1472586x.2020.1808524 · Cited by 28
Green, H. D., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02476-2 · Cited by 28
Barrington, C., Gandhi, A. D., Gill, A., Torres, L. V., Brietzke, M. P., & Hightow‐Weidman, L. (2017) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2017.1409783 · Cited by 28
A scoping review on the current and potential use of social network analysis for evaluation purposes
Popelier, L. (2018) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389018782219 · Cited by 27
Mendoza, C., Dervin, F., Mei, Y., & Layne, H. J. (2021) · ECNU Review of Education · doi:10.1177/2096531120976653 · Cited by 27
Canevari‐Luzardo, L. M. (2019) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01561-0 · Cited by 26
Peer Interactions and Second Language Learning
Paradowski, M. B., Jarynowski, A. K., Czopek, K., & Jelińska, M. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003087953-8 · Cited by 26
Gusmerotti, N. M., Testa, F., Macellari, M., & Frey, M. (2019) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1812 · Cited by 25
Visualization in Mixed-Methods Research on Social Networks
D’Angelo, A., Ryan, L., & Tubaro, P. (2016) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.3996 · Cited by 24
Participatory social network map making with family carers of people living with dementia
Campbell, S., Clark, A., Keady, J. D., Kullberg, A., Manji, K., Rummery, K., & Ward, R. (2019) · Methodological Innovations · doi:10.1177/2059799119844445 · Cited by 22
A sociogram is worth a thousand words: proposing a method for the visual analysis of narrative data
Contandriopoulos, D., Larouche, C., Breton, M., & Brousselle, A. (2017) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794116682823 · Cited by 21
Ganbat, T., Chong, H., Liao, P., & Leroy, J. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.1139/cjce-2019-0549 · Cited by 19
Wutich, A., Beresford, M., Bausch, J. C., Eaton, W. M., Brasier, K. J., Williams, C. F., & Porter, S. (2020) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2019.1707922 · Cited by 19
Snorek, J., & Bolger, D. T. (2022) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13512-270341 · Cited by 18
Rouncefield‐Swales, A., Carter, B., Bray, L., Blake, L., Allen, S. J., Probert, C. S., Crook, K., & Qualter, P. (2020) · International Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1155/2020/7254972 · Cited by 17
Lund, T. B., & Halkier, B. (2024) · Cleaner and Responsible Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.clrc.2024.100203 · Cited by 16
Social Network Analysis and Social Work Inquiry
Gillieatt, S. J., Fernandes, C., Fielding, A., Hendrick, A., Martin, R., & Matthews, S. (2015) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2015.1035660 · Cited by 16
Discovering healthcare professional‐practice networks: The added value of qualitative SNA
Bishop, S., & Waring, J. J. (2012) · Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/17465641211279770 · Cited by 16
Kierkegaard, P., & Owen-Smith, J. D. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042334 · Cited by 15
Broadening Participation in Computing: Promoting Affective and Cognitive Learning in Informal Spaces
Yang, H., Codding, D., Mouza, C., & Pollock, L. (2021) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-020-00562-9 · Cited by 15
Clark, A. (2017) · International Review of Qualitative Research · doi:10.1525/irqr.2017.10.2.190 · Cited by 13
Anxieties of Migration and Integration in Turbulent Times
Jakobson, M., King, R., Moroşanu, L., & Vetik, R. (2023) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23996-0 · Cited by 13
Cowhitt, T., Greany, T., & Downey, C. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069231189369 · Cited by 12
Mapping social networks: A qualitative approach to networked public relations scholarship
Iannacone, J. I. (2024) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2024.102477 · Cited by 12
Kuzuoglu, S., Glover, T. D., Moyer, L., & Todd, J. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21111519 · Cited by 12
Ezell, J. M., Walters, S. M., Olson, B., Kaur, A., Jenkins, W. D., Schneider, J. A., & Pho, M. T. (2022) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003 · Cited by 12
Jones, A. J. H. (2017) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-19.2.2905 · Cited by 12
Social Networking and Professional Boundaries
Baker, J. D. (2013) · AORN Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2013.03.001 · Cited by 12
Prell, C., Hesed, C. D. M., Johnson, K., Paolisso, M., Teodoro, J. D., & Dolah, E. R. V. (2021) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x20983984 · Cited by 11
Social network analysis and ICT4D research: Principles, relevance, and practice
Renken, J., & Heeks, R. (2018) · The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries · doi:10.1002/isd2.12036 · Cited by 11
Grynaviski, E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676950 · Cited by 11
From connections to conservation: Social networks in forest biodiversity management
Loch, T. K., Nagel, M., & Kleinschmit, D. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126701 · Cited by 10
Exploring the Networking of Academic Health Science Leaders: How and Why Do They Do It?
Lieff, S., Baker, L. R., Poost-Foroosh, L., Castellani, B. C., Hafferty, F. W., & Ng, S. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003177 · Cited by 10
Kwiringira, J. N., Rujumba, J., Ariho, P., Mugisha, J., Zakumumpa, H., Perry, E. W., Akugizibwe, M., Tumwebaze, I. K., & Onyutha, C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17176-4 · Cited by 10
Mixing methods and theory to explore web activity
Tinati, R., Halford, S., Carr, L. A., & Pope, C. J. (2012) · ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci) · doi:10.1145/2380718.2380758 · Cited by 10
Mapping Collaborative Relations among Canada’s Chronic Disease Prevention Organizations
Contandriopoulos, D., Hanusaik, N., Maximova, K., Paradis, G., & O’Loughlin, J. L. (2016) · Healthcare policy · doi:10.12927/hcpol.2016.24757 · Cited by 10
Support from extended family in higher education: a narrative literature review
Azaola, M. C. (2019) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2019.1648775 · Cited by 10
Support Networks for Social Innovation: Insights from Ireland
Chatzichristos, G., Olmedo, L., van Twuijver, M., & O’Shaughnessy, M. (2023) · Journal of Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/19420676.2023.2192229 · Cited by 10
Dewey, B., Baldassar, L. V., & Fozdar, F. (2023) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12464 · Cited by 9
Environmental Science and Technology Studies
Frickel, S., & Arancibia, F. (2021) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77712-8_22 · Cited by 8
Costa, J. (2021) · Basel Institute on Governance Working Papers · doi:10.12685/bigwp.2021.35.1-58 · Cited by 8
Cultivating Instructor’s Reflection: Leveraging Partnerships and Team Efforts
Cherrez, N. V. J., & Jin, Y. (2020) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2020.1723474 · Cited by 8
Crossing academic borders: exploring the role of social capital in academic hiring
Laufer, M. (2020) · Comparative Education · doi:10.1080/03050068.2020.1782603 · Cited by 8
Shifting Our Gaze: Relational Space in Professional Learning Network Research
Rodway, J., & Farley-Ripple, E. N. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78769-891-820201009 · Cited by 7
Acosta, C. R. (2016) · International Review of Social Research · doi:10.1515/irsr-2016-0027 · Cited by 7
Social Network Analysis from a Qualitative Perspective
Schepis, D. (2011) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 7
The social networks of unaccompanied asylum seeking young people in the transition to adulthood
McDonald, K. (2016) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 7
Public-Private Interactions in the Conservation of Private Forests in the United States
Ruseva, T. B., & Fischer, B. C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4780-7_7 · Cited by 6
Ilukor, J. (2016) · University writing server of the University of Hohenheim (Universität Hohenheim) · Cited by 6
An Exploration of the Factors Influencing Public Health Nutrition Policymaking in Australia
Cullerton, K. B. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.109095 · Cited by 6
Behind the scenes: an analysis of policy networks in the contemporary Israeli education landscape
Amiel, M., Yemini, M., & Rechavi, A. (2024) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2024.2315147 · Cited by 5
Badi, S. M., Ji, H., & Ochieng, E. G. (2021) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-08-2020-0438 · Cited by 5
Advancing SoTL through Boundary-Spanning Leadership: A Study of Four CIRTL Institutions
Hill, L. B. (2023) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-023-09667-4 · Cited by 5
The Role of Risk Perception and Community Networks in Preparing for and Responding to Landslides
Pedoth, L., Taylor, R., Kofler, C., Stawinoga, A. E., Forrester, J. M., Matin, N., & Schneiderbauer, S. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119166047.ch13 · Cited by 5
The role of local people for collaborative management of Korean village groves
Lee, E., & Krasny, M. E. (2021) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-021-00919-w · Cited by 5
Bystrup, M. R., Aadal, L., Pallesen, H., Larsen, K., & Hindhede, A. L. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2072959 · Cited by 5
Cassart, P., Frei, A., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Kruse Rasmussen, H., Swartebroeckx, A., Froidmont, E., Stilmant, D., & Rossing, W. (2025) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-15770-300210 · Cited by 4
D’Avino, G. (2024) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2024.2423641 · Cited by 4
Ningi, T., Ngarava, S., & Mugadza, A. A. (2025) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101018 · Cited by 4
Networks in Education: An Analysis of Selected Discourses
Sousa, S., Doroftei, A. O., & Araújo, H. C. (2013) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-014-9214-6 · Cited by 4
Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes
Costa, J. (2021) · Basel Institute on Governance Working Papers · doi:10.12685/bigwp.2021.36.1-35 · Cited by 4
Fergnani, M., Villalobos, C., & Quaresma, M. L. (2022) · Universum · doi:10.4067/s0718-23762022000100159 · Cited by 4
MacNeil, R. T., & Mills, A. J. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1317 · Cited by 4
Mühlenhoff, J. (2016) · FGF studies in small business and entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27108-8_3 · Cited by 4
Iannacone, J. I. (2025) · Journalism & Communication Monographs · doi:10.1177/15226379241308378 · Cited by 3
Dugué, S., & Seabrooke, L. (2026) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2026.2627284 · Cited by 3
A qualitative study of Brazilian children's habits
do Nascimento, A. B., & Fiates, G. M. R. (2013) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-08-2011-0083 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Heath, S., Fuller, A., & Johnston, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Heath, Sue
- Venue
- Qualitative Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 645-661
- ISSN
- 1468-7941 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3109
- OpenAlex
- W1991552697
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Research (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-139-25-0232)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Sociology and Education Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- network boundaries, network sampling, network composition, educational decision-making, network dynamics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.