Evolution of Mentoring Relationships Involving Young Male Offenders Transitioning from a Juvenile Justice Centre to the Community
Abstract
This qualitative longitudinal study focused on adolescent males who were being formally mentored during their transition from a juvenile justice centre to the community. Pre-release, the young men feared being exposed to negative peer influences and uncertainty about the future. In response to this anxiety, the young men valued the mentor as a guide, confidant and “watchdog”. Post-release, the concerns of the young men turned to a sense of disconnection, institutionalisation and difficulties securing employment. Here, the young men required their mentors to be reliable, build confidence and assist with educational and occupational opportunities. The findings both inform our theoretical understanding of mentoring and provide direction for supporting young offenders in the transition back into the community.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The emotional component is the most frequently engaged and includes aspects of trust, reliability, consistency, support, and authenticity in mentoring programs in all formats operating with American, European, Israeli, and Australian youth.
“The emotional component, which is the most frequently engaged, includes aspects of trust, reliability, consistency, support, and authenticity in mentoring programs in all formats operating with American, European, Israeli, and Australian youth [78,80,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [88]
The promoting-catalyzing component encourages self-esteem, autonomy and self-direction, role modeling, guidance, advocacy, empowerment and challenge, future planning, and promoting motivation, and includes skill-based career and academic support.
“The third component of promoting-catalyzing encourages self-esteem, autonomy and self-direction, role modeling, guidance, advocacy, empowerment and challenge, future planning, and promoting motivation. Other elements of this component include skill-based career and academic support [80,82,83,85,86,88,92,93,98,108].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [88]
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Sloane-Seale, A. (2009) · Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education · doi:10.21225/d54s3d · Cited by 14,328 · see citing works
Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0310 · Cited by 2,755 · see citing works
Handbook of research methods in personality psychology
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2315 · Cited by 2,378 · see citing works
Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting
Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
(2007) · Cited by 926 · see citing works
How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence
DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100611414806 · Cited by 889 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This improvement in confidence is consistent with other research studies linking mentoring with increased levels of confidence and positive mind frames of mentees (DuBois et al., 2011; Keating et al., 2002):”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKey Issues in Criminal Career Research
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499494 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Eby, L. T. D. T., Allen, T. D., Hoffman, B. J., Baranik, L. E., Sauer, J. B., Baldwin, S., Morrison, M. A., Kinkade, K. M., Maher, C. P., Curtis, S., et al. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029279 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Theory and Research on Desistance from Antisocial Activity among Serious Adolescent Offenders
Mulvey, E. P., Steinberg, L. D., Fagan, J., Cauffman, E. E., Piquero, A. R., Chassin, L., Knight, G. P., Brame, R., Schubert, C. A., Hecker, T. E., et al. (2004) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204004265864 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Adolescent mental health: Prevention and treatment programs.
Kazdin, A. E. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.2.127 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
On Your Own Without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations
Davis, M. L. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.11.1658 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
DuBois, D., & Karcher, M. (2014) · doi:10.4135/9781412996907 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Karcher (2004) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20025 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Rehabilitation Programs for Juvenile Delinquents
Izzo, R., & Ross, R. R. (1990) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854890017001008 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Future orientation: a construct with implications for adolescent health and wellbeing
Johnson, S. R. L., Blum, R. W., & Cheng, T. L. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0333 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Adolescent mental health: Prevention and treatment programs.
Kazdin, A. E. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.2.127 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
From Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Crime
(2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.001.0001 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Youth Initiated Mentoring: Investigating a New Approach to Working with Vulnerable Adolescents
Schwartz, S. E. O., Rhodes, J. E., Spencer, R., & Grossman, J. B. (2013) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9585-3 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Adolescent and Teenage Offenders Confronting the Challenges and Opportunities of Reentry
Altschuler, D. M., & Brash, R. (2004) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204003260048 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Arrested development: The effects of incarceration on the development of psychosocial maturity
Dmitrieva, J., Monahan, K. C., Cauffman, E. E., & Steinberg, L. D. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000545 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The effects of a mentoring program on at-risk youth.
Keating, L. M., Tomishima, M. A., Foster, S. L., & Alessandri, M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 139 · see citing works
INVESTIGATING THE STABILITY OF CO‐OFFENDING AND CO‐OFFENDERS AMONG A SAMPLE OF YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS*
McGloin, J. M., Sullivan, C. J., Piquero, A. R., & Bacon, S. (2008) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00105.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Youth Mentoring: Theory, Research, and Practice
DuBois, D. L., & Karcher, M. J. (2005) · Handbook of Youth Mentoring · doi:10.4135/9781412976664.n1 · Cited by 137 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This finding suggests that organisations who administer mentoring programmes for this specific mentee group may need to emphasise in the recruitment, establishment of roles and expectations, and training of mentors the value of adopting an authoritative, non-hierarchical relationship in contrast to a more traditional…”
BackgroundInfluentialOral language competence in incarcerated young offenders: Links with offending severity
Snow, P. C., & Powell, M. B. (2011) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2011.578661 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Stages and Development of Mentoring Relationships
Keller, T. E. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976664.n6 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Studying the costs of crime across offender trajectories
Cohen, M. A., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2010) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00627.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and Service Use Among First-Time Juvenile Offenders
Burke, J. D., Mulvey, E. P., & Schubert, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0185-8 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Recidivism in Australia: Findings and future research
Payne, J. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e583022012-001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Wells, G. L., Steblay, N. K., & Dysart, J. E. (2014) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000096 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mentoring Interventions to Affect Juvenile Delinquency and Associated Problems
Tolan, P., Henry, D., Schoeny, M., & Bass, A. (2008) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.4073/csr.2008.16 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Bullis, M. D., & Cheney, D. A. (2017) · Focus on Exceptional Children · doi:10.17161/foec.v31i7.6768 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Impact of Reentry Services on Juvenile Offenders' Recidivism
Bouffard, J. A., & Bergseth, K. J. (2008) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204007313384 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Australian crime: facts and figures 2006
Houliaras, T., & Bricknell, S. (2007) · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Monahan, K. C., King, K. M., Shulman, E. P., Cauffman, E. E., & Chassin, L. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001394 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Alltucker, K. W., Bullis, M. D., Close, D. W., & Yovanoff, P. (2006) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9032-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Bullis, M. D., & Yovanoff, P. (2006) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266060140020401 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mentoring for Delinquent Children: An Outcome Study with Young Adolescent Children
Jackson, Y. (2002) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1014017909668 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Spencer, R., Tugenberg, T., Ocean, M., Schwartz, S. E. O., & Rhodes, J. E. (2013) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13495053 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Australian crime: facts and figures 2008
Bricknell, S., & Dearden, J. (2009) · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cumulative Childhood Maltreatment and Depression Among Incarcerated Youth
Wanklyn, S. G., Day, D. M., Hart, T. A., & Girard, T. A. (2012) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559512466956 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Expectations, Fears, and Strategies
Clinkinbeard, S. S., & Zohra, I. T. (2011) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x11398365 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Monetary Costs of Crime to Middle Adulthood
Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., & Farrington, D. P. (2011) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427811424505 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Clinkinbeard, S. S. (2013) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016813501193 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Unruh, D. K., Povenmire-Kirk, T., & Yamamoto, S. H. (2009) · Journal of correctional education · Cited by 43 · see citing works
WHITE, H. R., Shi, J. C., Hirschfield, P., Mun, E., & Loeber, R. (2010) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204009358657 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Recognizing the Need for Prisoner Input in Correctional Research
Miller, H., Tillyer, R., & Miller, J. M. (2012) · The Prison Journal · doi:10.1177/0032885512439164 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lachman, P., Roman, C. G., & Cahill, M. (2012) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204012461510 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Spencer, R. (2012) · LEARNing Landscapes · doi:10.36510/learnland.v5i2.567 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kang, T., Louden, J. E., Ricks, E. P., & Jones, R. L. (2015) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000145 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Miller, J. M., Barnes, J. C., Miller, H. V., & McKinnon, L. (2013) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-012-9188-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Intensive aftercare for high-risk juveniles: Policies and procedures
Altschuler, D. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1994) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e313112005-001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Abrams, L. S., Terry, D. M., & Franke, T. M. (2011) · Journal of Offender Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10509674.2011.596919 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Termination and Closure of Mentoring Relationships
Spencer, R., & Basualdo‐Delmonico, A. (2013) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412996907.n32 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Blechman, E. A., & Bopp, J. M. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976664.n30 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Where Are the Beds? Housing Locations for Transition Age Youth Exiting Public Systems
Tam, C. C., Freisthler, B., Curry, S., & Abrams, L. S. (2016) · Families in society · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2016.97.12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tracey, D., & Hanham, J. (2015) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x15591242 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Technical and background paper: measuring juvenile recidivism in Australia
Richards, K. M. (2011) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Delinquency Interrupted: Research into and Inside of Juvenile Correctional Facilities
Inderbitzin, M. (2012) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2012.00471.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review
Goldner, L., & Ben-Eliyahu, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115666 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Walton, G. M., Okonofua, J. A., Remington Cunningham, K., Hurst, D., Pinedo, A., Weitz, E., Ospina, J. P., Tate, H., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211013801 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Moreover, adult mentors seem to improve criminal-justice and academic outcomes for disadvantaged youths (Hanham & Tracey, 2017; Spencer et al., 2019; Tolan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMarotta, P. L., & Voisin, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317736912 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hanham, J. (2024) · Mentoring & Tutoring Partnership in Learning · doi:10.1080/13611267.2024.2396470 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Experiences of Youth Mentoring Through Street Dance
Gunay, A., & Bacon, A. M. (2019) · Youth Justice · doi:10.1177/1473225419879248 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Douds, A. S., Ahlin, E. M., Atkin-Plunk, C. A., & Posteraro, M. (2021) · doi:10.21428/88de04a1.a897747a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, L., & Baglivio, M. T. (2026) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040261422478 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bakker, L., Neteland, C. F., Helgeland, J. J., Stensby, M. T., Frimannslund, T., Sandbakken, E. M., & Haugestad, C. A. P. (2024) · Nordisk tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning · doi:10.18261/ntu.5.1.1
Mentoring Youth with Families Involved in Systems
Brady, B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05580-4_12
- Authors
- Hanham, J., & Tracey, D.
- Corresponding author
- Hanham, José
- Venue
- Youth Justice
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-03-22
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 116-133
- ISSN
- 1473-2254 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-6283
- OpenAlex
- W2598187620
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Youth Justice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mentoring and Academic Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- mentoring, young male offenders, juvenile justice, transition to community, peer influence, institutionalization, employment problems, educational opportunities, mentoring relationships, youth reentry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review