Complicated grief and its relationship to mental health and well-being among Bosnian refugees after resettlement in the United States: implications for practice, policy, and research.

Craig, Carlton D.; Sossou, Marie-Antoinette; Schnak, Michele; Essex, Heather

doi:10.1177/1534765608322129

Cited by 71Migration, Health and TraumaGrief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Complicated grief and its relationship to mental health and well-being among Bosnian refugees after resettlement in the United States: implications for practice, policy, and research.

Craig, Carlton D., Sossou, Marie-Antoinette, Schnak, Michele, Essex, Heather·2008·Traumatology

DOI 10.1177/1534765608322129

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Abstract

This study investigates mental health and well-being variables in a randomly selected sample of Bosnian refugees. The sample was predominately female (56%), with a mean age of 42, and 56.5% were educated at 12 years of school or less with 43.5% reporting more than 12 years of education. Four standardized research instruments that measured trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, complicated grief, anxiety, depression, well-being, and general mental health (a combined measure of well-being and psychological distress) were randomly disseminated among 500 Bosnian refugees with 126 (25%) surveys returned. Results revealed PTSD (66.6%), complicated grief (54%), anxiety (40%), and depression (31%) symptoms in the clinical range. A sequential regression revealed that 31% of the variance in poor general mental health was accounted for by complicated grief, whereas PTSD symptomatology only accounted for 6% of the variance. Implications for mental health interventions, research, and policy are discussed.

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The prevalence of PGD in refugees ranges from 8% among Rwandan war widows and orphans to 54% in resettled Bosnian refugees.
“the prevalence of PGD in refugees ranges from 8% among Rwandan war widows and orphans (Schaal et al., 2010) to 54% in resettled Bosnian refugees (Craig et al., 2008).”
From The assessment of grief in refugees and post-conflict survivors: a narrative review of etic and emic research (2018) · cites this paper as Craig et al., 2008

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Authors: Craig, C. D., Sossou, M.-A., Schnak, M., & Essex, H.
ORCID: Sossou, Marie-Antoinette
Venue: Traumatology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008-12
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 103-115
ISSN: 1085-9373 (ISSN-L)
1534-7656
DOI: 10.1177/1534765608322129
OpenAlex: W2130803061
Cited by: 71
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 1.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Traumatology An International Journal (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords: complicated grief, Bosnian refugees, post-traumatic stress disorder, mental health, well-being, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, trauma exposure, refugee resettlement, mental health interventions

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Complicated grief and its relationship to mental health and well-being among Bosnian refugees after resettlement in the United States: implications for practice, policy, and research.

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