The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Open accessAbstract
Following the seminal publications of Rubin about thirty years ago, statisticians have become increasingly aware of the inadequacy of “complete-case” analysis of datasets with missing observations. In medicine, for example, observations may be missing in a sporadic way for different covariates, and a complete-case analysis may omit as many as half of the available cases. Hotdeck imputation was implemented in Stata in 1999 by Mander and Clayton. However, this technique may perform poorly when many rows of data have at least one missing value. This article describes an implementation for Stata of the MICE method of multiple multivariate imputation described by van Buuren, Boshuizen, and Knook (1999). MICE stands for multivariate imputation by chained equations. The basic idea of data analysis with multiple imputation is to create a small number (e.g., 5–10) of copies of the data, each of which has the missing values suitably imputed, and analyze each complete dataset independently. Estimates of parameters of interest are averaged across the copies to give a single estimate. Standard errors are computed according to the “Rubin rules”, devised to allow for the between- and within-imputation components of variation in the parameter estimates. This article describes five ado-files. mvis creates multiple multivariate imputations. uvis imputes missing values for a single variable as a function of several covariates, each with complete data. micombine fits a wide variety of regression models to a multiply imputed dataset, combining the estimates using Rubin's rules, and supports survival analysis models (stcox and streg), categorical data models, generalized linear models, and more. Finally, misplit and mijoin are utilities to intercon-vert datasets created by mvis and by the miset program from John Carlin and colleagues. The use of the routines is illustrated with an example of prognostic modeling in breast cancer.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Missing data were imputed through multiple imputation with Stata using the MICE (multivariate imputation by chained equations) module (Royston, 2004).Five imputed data sets were generated.”
From Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception (2007) · cites this paper as Royston, 2004
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation
Efron, B., & Gong, G. (1983) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1983.10483087 · Cited by 3,229
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 10.1177/1536867X0300300302 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00539-5 · DOI
- Mander A., 1999, Stata Technical Bulletin, 51, 32
- 10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-985X.00122 · DOI
- 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990330)18:6<681::AID-SIM71>3.0.CO;2-R · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,010
Early life socio-economic position and later alcohol use: birth cohort study
Melotti, R., Lewis, G., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Araya, R., & Macleod, J. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12018 · Cited by 42
“Parameter estimates were then summarized according to Rubin’s rules through the command mim [42].”
MethodVictimization, Fear of Crime, and Perceived Risk: Testing a Vulnerability Model of Personal Control
Shippee, N. D. (2012) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2012.55.1.117 · Cited by 42
Family Influences on Intermarriage Attitudes: A Sibling Analysis in the Netherlands
Huijnk, W., & Liefbroer, A. (2012) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00882.x · Cited by 42
Claassen, R. L., Magleby, D. B., Monson, J. Q., & Patterson, K. D. (2008) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x08319006 · Cited by 93
“The imputations were performed using STATA’s ice command and the parameter estimates and standard errors were computed using the micombine command (Royston, 2004).”
MethodRelationship of corporal punishment and antisocial behavior by neighborhood.
Grogan-Kaylor, A. C. (2005) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.10.938 · Cited by 42
“In a multiple imputation analysis, regression type methods are used to impute plausible values for missing data.(17) Data are imputed multiple times, resulting in several data sets with imputed values.”
MethodDorken‐Gallastegi, A., Secor, J. D., Maurer, L. R., Dzik, S., Saillant, N. N., Hwabejire, J. O., Fawley, J. A., Parks, J. J., Kaafarani, H. M. A., & Velmahos, G. C. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000000268 · Cited by 42
Short forms of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2SF): Item selection and psychometric evaluation.
Tylka, T. L., Linardon, J., Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Daníelsdóttir, S., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2022) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.001 · Cited by 41
Namkung, E. H., & Carr, D. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112521 · Cited by 51
“We used multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) to impute missing data for all independent and control variables (Royston, 2004; Rubin, 1987); multivariate results are based on the imputed data.”
MethodFibroblast Growth Factor‐23 and Heart Failure With Reduced Versus Preserved Ejection Fraction: MESA
Almahmoud, M., Soliman, E., Bertoni, A., Kestenbaum, B., Katz, R., Lima, J., Ouyang, P., Miller, P., Michos, E. D., & Herrington, D. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.008334 · Cited by 41
“All covariates from the fully adjusted model were used in the imputation.(25,26) Models were adjusted as follows; Model 1 was unadjusted.”
MethodLombardi, C., Casey, B., Thomson, D. L., Nguyen, H., & Dearing, E. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.07.004 · Cited by 41
Irvin, M. J., Byun, S.-Y., Meece, J., Reed, K. S., & Farmer, T. W. (2016) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2016.1151739 · Cited by 41
“To address missing data, we employed multiple imputation with STATA (Royston, 2004).”
MethodOllier-Malaterre, A., Mcnamara, T., Matz-Costa, C., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & Valcour, M. (2013) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726713478244 · Cited by 41
“To minimize bias attributable to item nonresponse, for the remaining sample of 420 observations, multiple imputation using chained equations was used, as implemented in Stata (Royston, 2004).”
MethodKnudsen, H. K., Roman, P., & Abraham, A. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.003 · Cited by 41
McAuley, C., & Layte, R. (2012) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-012-9153-7 · Cited by 35
Scott, W., & Dearing, E. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000193 · Cited by 41
“In the first, we used multiple imputation (MI) by chained equations to replace missing values (Royston, 2004), generating five complete data sets that combined observed and imputed values.”
MethodJones, M. R., Wipfli, H., Shahrir, S., Avila-Tang, E., Samet, J., Breysse, P., & Navas-Acien, A. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050203 · Cited by 41
Survival with Treated and Well-Controlled Blood Pressure: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
Lawlor, D., Kim, L., Morris, R., Amuzu, A., Whincup, P., & Ebrahim, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017792 · Cited by 41
“We used multiple multivariate imputation, using all variables included in any analyses, the censoring indicator and the log of survival time for Cox models, to impute missing values for those variables with some missing data [17].”
MethodKoning, L., Junger, M., & Veldkamp, B. (2023) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/02697580231215839 · Cited by 40
“Multiple imputation of these missing data can then help in preserving these participants and the information that was collected on them, so improving the estimates of these analyses (Royston, 2004).”
Wan, E., Fong, D., Fung, C., Yu, E., Chin, W. Y., Chan, A. K. L., & Lam, C. (2017) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0671-x · Cited by 40
“Missing data were handled by multiple imputation [21].”
MethodLippert, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146515627682 · Cited by 61
Identifying the Extent of Completeness of Query Answers over Partially Complete Databases
Razniewski, S., Korn, F., Nutt, W., & Srivastava, D. (2015) · SIGMOD Conference · doi:10.1145/2723372.2750544 · Cited by 40
“Regarding incompleteness, extensive work has been done on statistical approaches to missing value imputation [25, 2].”
BackgroundKim, S., Sugar, C. A., & Belin, T. R. (2015) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6435 · Cited by 40
“As noted earlier, imputation with chained equations [12, 13, 23] is a competitor approach that gives an implicit representation of interaction relationships.”
BackgroundMiller, E. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112216 · Cited by 60
“Multiple imputation proceeds through three steps: 1) the generation of the MI data sets, which generates likely values for missing variables based on available data; 2) complex survey regression analyses based on the MI data sets; and 3) the synthesis of the imputed data sets and regression analyses, which combines th…”
BackgroundMethodVinogradova, Y., Coupland, C. A. C., & Hippisley‐Cox, J. (2013) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.383 · Cited by 38
“Ten imputed data sets were created and the results were combined using Rubin’s rules (Royston, 2004).”
MethodHe, K., Xun, P., Brasky, T., Gammon, M., Stevens, J., & White, E. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws232 · Cited by 40
“Furthermore, to determine if the missing data in covariates substantially biased our results, we performed a multiple imputation procedure using a regression switching approach (multiple imputation by chained equations) assuming that data were missing at random (28).”
MethodGoeree, R., Hopkins, R., Marshall, J., Armstrong, D., Ungar, W., Goldsmith, C., Allen, C., & Anvari, M. (2011) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2010.09.004 · Cited by 40
Helmet use and risk of neck injury in skiers and snowboarders.
Hagel, B., Russell, K., Goulet, C., Nettel-Aguirre, A., & Pless, I. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq039 · Cited by 40
“To address the problem of missing data, we used multiple imputation by chained equations with 5 imputed data sets (18) and then repeated each of the unconditional and conditional logistic regression analyses.”
MethodVinberg, M., Durbeej, N., & Rosendahl, I. (2020) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2020.1726990 · Cited by 39
“Partially missing data (i.e. item nonresponse) were handled by multiple imputation, which is a powerful way of handling missing values before any analysis is performed (Royston, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodHow is organic farming performing agronomically and economically in sub-Saharan Africa?
Schader, C., Heidenreich, A., Kadzere, I., Egyir, I., Muriuki, A., Bandanaa, J., Clottey, J., Ndung’u, J., Grovermann, C., Lazzarini, G., et al. (2021) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102325 · Cited by 39
“…the data entries that caused outliers in physical inputs and outputs, we followed a multiple imputation approach, applying the multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) method for replacing outliers (Royston, 2004) through the R-package “mice” (van Buuren and Groothuis-Oudshoorn, 2011).”
MethodBorgonovi, F., & Han, S. W. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.11.009 · Cited by 56
“Although there are few missing values in our sample, we take into account item-level missing values through imputations by chained equation (ICE) (Royston, 2004).”
MethodFood insecurity and child behavior problems in fragile families
King, C. (2018) · Economics and Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2017.11.002 · Cited by 39
Abongomera, C., Diro, E., Vogt, F., Tsoumanis, A., Mekonnen, Z., Admassu, H., Colebunders, R., Mohammed, R., Ritmeijer, K., & van Griensven, J. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix607 · Cited by 39
“The imputed data replaced “advanced HIV infection” in the above analysis [17].”
ResultChoi, H., Schoeni, R. F., Langa, K., & Heisler, M. (2014) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu015 · Cited by 39
“As a sensitivity check concerning missing responses in covariates, we also repeated analyses by employing multiple imputation methods based on iterative switching regression techniques (Royston, 2005a,b).”
Does Merit Aid Program Design Matter? A Cross-Cohort Analysis
Domina, T. (2014) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-013-9302-y · Cited by 39
Individualism revisited: Moral worldviews and civic engagement
Beyerlein, K., & Vaisey, S. (2013) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2013.05.002 · Cited by 42
Oh, S., & Sarkisian, N. (2012) · Sociology of Religion · doi:10.1093/socrel/srr054 · Cited by 39
Time and Poverty from a Developing Country Perspective
Antonopoulos, R., & Memiş, E. (2010) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1616671 · Cited by 39
“Imputation 13 See Rubin (2004) and Royston (2004) for a detailed discussion on multiple imputation of missing values. of paid work time and unpaid work time has been done in two steps.”
Risk Factors for Unintentional Injuries in Children: Are Grandparents Protective?
Bishai, D., Trevitt, J., Zhang, Y.-D., McKenzie, L., Leventhal, T., Gielen, A., & Guyer, B. (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2995 · Cited by 39
Manca, A., Dumville, J., Torgerson, D., Moffett, J. K. K., Mooney, M. P., Jackson, D., & Eaton, S. (2007) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem183 · Cited by 39
“For the base case analysis missing EQ-5D data were imputed using a multiple imputation approach [ 49 , 50], assuming that data were missing at random [51, 52].”
MethodCompensating for Missing Data from Longitudinal Studies Using WinBUGS
Carrigan, G., Barnett, A., Dobson, A., & Mishra, G. (2007) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v019.i07 · Cited by 39
Lawlor, D., Clark, H., & Leon, D. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.080168 · Cited by 39
Thorpe, J. M., Sleath, B., Thorpe, C. T. K., Houtven, C. V., Blalock, S. J., Landerman, L., Campbell, W. H., & Clipp, E. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000215905.36968.76 · Cited by 39
“To reclaim cases with missing data, multiple imputation procedures using 100 complete data sets were used.(33) The extent to which caregiver psychologic distress mediated the effects of predisposing and enabling variables on care-recipient vaccination was evaluated using the indirect effect (product of probit coeffici…”
MethodGender, Race, and Risk Perception: The Influence of Cultural Status AnxietyPreprint
Han, D.-K. M., Braman, D., Gastil, J., Slovic, P., & Mertz, C. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.723762 · Cited by 39
“Instead, missing data were imputed through multiple imputation with Stata using the MICE (multivariate imputation by chained equations) module (Royston, 2004).”
MethodXu, Z., Zhang, D., Sit, R. W. S., Wong, C. K. M., Tiu, J. Y. S., Chan, D. C. C., Sun, W. J., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60901-x · Cited by 50
The built environment and active transportation safety in children and youth: a study protocol
Hagel, B., Macpherson, A., Howard, A., Fuselli, P., Cloutier, M.-S., Winters, M., Richmond, S., Rothman, L., Belton, K., Buliung, R., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7024-6 · Cited by 38
How well can poor child development be predicted from early life characteristics?
Chittleborough, C., Searle, A., Smithers, L. G., Brinkman, S. A., & Lynch, J. W. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.10.006 · Cited by 45
Are Smart People Less Racist? Verbal Ability, Anti-Black Prejudice, and the Principle-Policy Paradox
Wodtke, G. (2016) · Social problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spv028 · Cited by 38
Severe bicycling injury risk factors in children and adolescents: a case-control study.
Hagel, B., Romanow, N. T. R., Enns, N., Williamson, J., & Rowe, B. (2015) · Accident Analysis and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.002 · Cited by 38
Stott-Miller, M., Chen, C., & Schwartz, S. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2013.03.006 · Cited by 38
“8% of controls), and we therefore imputed data using a ‘MICE’ procedure (multiple imputation by chained equations) [26].”
MethodSchafer, M. H. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.031 · Cited by 38
Intergenerational Transfers of Preferences for Science Careers in Comparative Perspective
Sikora, J., & Pokropek, A. (2012) · doi:10.1080/09500693.2012.698028 · Cited by 38
“All our analyses are performed on the data in which missing values have been replaced with the estimates from Stata 10 multiple imputation procedure known as imputations by chained equations (ICE) (Royston, 2004).”
An Alternative Approach to Addressing Selection Into and Out of Social Settings
Sharkey, P. (2012) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124112452391 · Cited by 38
Red blood cell transfusion and outcomes in patients with acute lung injury, sepsis and shock
Parsons, E. C., Hough, C. L., Seymour, C. W., Cooke, C. R., Rubenfeld, G. D., Watkins, T. R., & the NHLBI ARDS Network (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10458 · Cited by 36
“sion, we performed multiple imputation by chained equations to account for missing data [23-25].”
MethodAdolescent IQ and survival in the Wisconsin longitudinal study.
Hauser, R. M., & Palloni, A. (2011) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr037 · Cited by 38
Qi, L., Wang, Y.-F., & He, Y.-L. (2010) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4016 · Cited by 38
“This procedure is iterated until convergence, often achieved in less than 10 cycles [26].”
Somma, N. (2010) · The Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01178.x · Cited by 38
Adult Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in the United Kingdom and Ireland Between 1994 and 2005
van der Meulen, J. V. D., Lewsey, J., Dawwas, M., & Copley, L. (2007) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000280540.76370.37 · Cited by 38
“A bootstrap sample was generated, missing values were replaced with plausible substitutes using multiple imputation (11), and a logistic regression was estimated with backward stepwise selection (P 0.”
MethodMachine Learning in Prediction of Bladder Cancer on Clinical Laboratory Data
Tsai, I.-J., Shen, W.-C., Lee, C.-L., Wang, H., & Lin, C. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12010203 · Cited by 42
“Several methods can solve this issue, such as collecting more samples, removing the subjects with missing values, filling with mean or median, and imputing missing values [52,53].”
MethodHazen, K. P., Carlson, M. W., Hatton-Bowers, H., Fessinger, M., Cole-Mossman, J., Bahm, J., Hauptman, K., Brank, E. M., & Gilkerson, L. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104925 · Cited by 37
“57% of data were missing, which is within the approximate threshold for the reliable estimation of missing data (Royston, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialMaternal circulating Vitamin D3 levels during pregnancy and behaviour across childhood
López-Vicente, M., Sunyer, J., Lertxundi, N., González, L., Rodríguez-Dehli, C., Sáenz-Torre, M. E., Vrijheid, M., Tardón, A., Llop, S., Torrent, M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51325-3 · Cited by 39
Robinson‐Cohen, C., Zelnick, L. R., Hoofnagle, A. N., Lutsey, P. L., Burke, G. L., Michos, E. D., Shea, S., Tracy, R. P., Siscovick, D. S., Psaty, B. M., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00296 · Cited by 39
“Antihypertensive medication use 307 (33) 100 (31) 94 (30) 113 (40) 0.”
MethodPsychotic symptoms and smoking in 44 countries
Koyanagi, A., Stickley, A., & Haro, J. M. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12566 · Cited by 33
“We conducted multiple imputation procedures (10 additional samples) using STATA’s ICE program (26) to assess whether the presence of these missing values led to biased estimates.”
MethodOlder Adults' Residential Proximity to Their Children: Changes After Cardiovascular Events.
Choi, H., Schoeni, R. F., Langa, K., & Heisler, M. (2015) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu076 · Cited by 37
“…using chained equation, a sequence of univariate imputation methods with fully conditional specification of prediction equation (Raghunathan, Lepkowski, Van Hoewyk, & Solenberger, 2001; Royston, 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2009; van Buuren, Boshuizen, & Knook, 1999; White, Royston, & Wood, 2011).”
MethodLifestyle change recommendations in major depression: Do they work?
Serrano-Ripoll, M., Oliván-Blázquez, B., Vicens-Pons, E., Roca, M., Gili, M., Leiva, A., García-Campayo, J., Demarzo, M., & García-Toro, M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.059 · Cited by 37
“We analysed the effect of missing primary and secondary outcome by multiple imputation by chained regression equations (Royston, 2004) (stata mi:estimate) using scale clinical scores, age, sex and treatment group.”
MethodBeets, M., Weaver, R., Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Huberty, J. L., Ward, D., Freedman, D. A., Saunders, R., Pate, R., Beighle, A., Hutto, B., et al. (2014) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2014.05.013 · Cited by 37
Smink, A., Bierma-Zeinstra, S., Dekker, J., Vlieland, T. V. V., Bijlsma, J., Swierstra, B., Kortland, J., Voorn, T., van den Ende, C. V. D., & Schers, H. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-33 · Cited by 37
Breitborde, N. J. K., Kleinlein, P., & Srihari, V. H. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.026 · Cited by 44
“Multiple imputation has been shown to produce reliable estimates in situations in which there was significantly greater missing data as compared to the current study (Royston, 2004).”
ResultLaaksonen, E., Lallukka, T., Lahelma, E., Ferrie, J., Rahkonen, O., Head, J., Marmot, M., & Martikainen, P. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq089 · Cited by 37
Stanley, L. R., Henry, K. L., & Swaim, R. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9556-z · Cited by 37
“To account for missing data, multiple imputation (Shafer and Graham 2002) was completed using ICE in Stata software, Version 10.0 (Royston 2004, 2005, 2007).”
InfluentialCognitive abilities and earnings – first evidence for Germany
Anger, S., & Heineck, G. (2010) · doi:10.1080/13504850802297855 · Cited by 37
“(5)Missing earnings data are imputed using the Stata implementation of the MICE (multivariate imputation by chained equations) method of multiple multivariate imputation (Royston, 2004).”
MethodPang, D., Jones, G., Power, C., & Macfarlane, G. (2010) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keq052 · Cited by 37
Saad, A., Ashcroft, D., Watson, K., Symmons, D., Noyce, P., & Hyrich, K. (2010) · Arthritis care & research · doi:10.1002/acr.20104 · Cited by 37
“disease-specific and therapeutic variables (29,30).”
Epperson, M., El-Bassel, N., Chang, M., & Gilbert, L. (2010) · Journal of urban health · doi:10.1007/s11524-009-9429-5 · Cited by 37
“To reduce the potential bias due to missing data and differential attrition in the panel data, multiple imputation was performed using the multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) function in Stata 9.(28,29) This process EPPERSON ET AL.”
MethodDiagnostic potential in prostate cancer of a panel of urinary molecular tumor markers
Talesa, V., Antognelli, C., Delbuono, C., Stracci, F., Serva, M. R., Cottini, E., & Mearini, E. (2009) · Cancer Biomarkers · doi:10.3233/cbm-2009-0109 · Cited by 37
“The statistical Solas software was used to run MI based on propensity score [18,19], and the MICE routine to perform such an imputation, based on chained equation in Stata [20].”
Late mortality after acute hypoxic respiratory failure
Prescott, H. C., Sjoding, M. W., Langa, K. M., Iwashyna, T. J., & McAuley, D. F. (2017) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210109 · Cited by 38
Lippert, A. M., Evans, C. R., Razak, F. A., & Subramanian, S. V. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww206 · Cited by 38
Brabyn, S., Araya, R., Barkham, M., Bower, P., Cooper, C., Duarte, A., Kessler, D., Knowles, S. E., Lovell, K., Littlewood, E., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20890 · Cited by 36
Multiple Imputation for Categorical Time Series
Halpin, B. (2016) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1601600303 · Cited by 36
“It has been implemented for R by Van Buuren et al (1999; 2007; 2011) and for Stata by Royston (2004; 2009) More recent versions of Stata have incorporated equivalent functionality in the core mi impute infrastructure.”
Wang, J., Lau, W.-C., Wang, H., & Ma, J. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2535-2 · Cited by 37
“Multiple imputations (MI) with the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm [31] were used to handle the missing values of post-intervention non-respondents.”
Whitley, E., Batty, G. D., Hunt, K., Popham, F., & Benzeval, M. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9539-x · Cited by 38
“0 [39–41].”
Leopold, T., & Raab, M. (2013) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2013.05.001 · Cited by 36
The Impact of Collective Efficacy on Risks for Adolescents’ Perpetration of Dating Violence
Schnurr, M. P., & Lohman, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9909-5 · Cited by 36
“The regression coefficients presented here represent the average coefficients across 5 multiply imputed datasets; parameter estimates were combined by applying Rubin’s rules (Royston 2004).”
MethodInfluentialGuinovart, C., Dobaño, C., Bassat, Q., Nhabomba, A. J., Quintó, L., Manaca, M. N., Aguilar, R., Rodríguez, M. H., Barbosa, A., Aponte, J., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032362 · Cited by 36
“Missing values in continuous covariates were imputed using the prediction from the best available subset of present data (determined by best-subset regression) in order to avoid losing observations and to compare the crude and adjusted models [23,24].”
MethodPrieto-Alhambra, D., Javaid, M., Judge, A., Maskell, J., Kiran, A., de Vries, F., Cooper, C., & Arden, N. (2011) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.30214 · Cited by 36
“Multiple imputation was used to account for missing values for the BMI and smoking and drinking status, using the Imputation by Chained Equations procedure in Stata (21).”
MethodInfluentialAre You Satisfied? PhD Education and Faculty Taste for Prestige: Limits of the Prestige Value System
Morrison, E., Rudd, E., Picciano, J. F., & Nerad, M. (2011) · doi:10.1007/s11162-010-9184-1 · Cited by 36
“Therefore, estimates are made using multiple imputation with chained equations ( Royston 2004, 2005 ).”
MethodMale and Female Pathways Through Four-Year Colleges
Ewert, S. (2010) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831210374351 · Cited by 36
“I utilize multiple imputation by chained equations to impute the missing values in the data (Royston, 2004; Rubin, 1987).”
MethodDawwas, M. F., Lewsey, J., Watson, C. J. E., & Gimson, A. E. (2009) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e3181aed8e4 · Cited by 34
Guarded Borders: Adolescent Interracial Romance and Peer Trouble at School
Kreager, D. (2008) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.0.0128 · Cited by 36
Reactions to Health-Related Social Control in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Thorpe, C. T., Lewis, M. A., & Sterba, K. R. (2008) · Journal of behavioral medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9125-4 · Cited by 36
“Finally, because some participants had missing data, we used multiple imputation procedures with 100 imputed datasets for all regression analyses (Royston 2004), in line with current recommendations (Schafer and Graham 2002).”
MethodMethods for handling missing data in palliative care research
Fielding, S., Fayers, P., Loge, J., Jordhøy, M., & Kaasa, S. (2006) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216306072555 · Cited by 36
Association of Driving Distance to Maternity Hospitals and Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes
Minion, S. C., Krans, E., Brooks, M., Mendez, D., & Haggerty, C. (2022) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000004960 · Cited by 35
A reinforcement learning-based approach for imputing missing data
Awan, S., Bennamoun, Sohel, F., Sanfilippo, F., & Dwivedi, G. (2022) · Neural computing & applications (Print) · doi:10.1007/s00521-022-06958-3 · Cited by 35
Oka, T., Sakaguchi, Y., Hattori, K., Asahina, Y., Kajimoto, S., Doi, Y., Kaimori, J., & Isaka, Y. (2022) · HYPERTENSION · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18360 · Cited by 35
Jang, H., & Tang, F. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211061279 · Cited by 39
“In addition, multiple imputation was conducted using the Stata imputation by chained equations procedure, generating 20 imputed datasets to deal with missing cases (Royston, 2004).”
MethodKranenbarg, M. W., Ruiter, S., & van Gelder, J. (2019) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370819849677 · Cited by 35
“We used the Stata 14 Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE) procedure (based on Royston, 2004) for multiple imputation of missing values for the independent variables of 268 observations (ego–alter combinations, 23.1 percent).”
InfluentialLenton, G. K., Doyle, T., Lloyd, D., Higgs, J. P., Billing, D., & Saxby, D. (2019) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.036 · Cited by 35
Kałuża, J., Håkansson, N., Harris, H. R., Orsini, N., Michaëlsson, K., & Wolk, A. (2018) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12823 · Cited by 45
Statistical modelling of the resistance to chloride penetration in concrete with recycled aggregates
Neves, R., Silva, A., de Brito, J., & Silva, R. V. (2018) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.125 · Cited by 35
Studying Terrorism Empirically: What We Know About What We Don’t Know
Safer-lichtenstein, A., LaFree, G., & Loughran, T. (2017) · doi:10.1177/1043986217697873 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Royston, P.
- Affiliations
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Royston, Patrick
- ORCID
- Royston, Patrick
- Venue
- The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-241
- ISSN
- 1536-867X (ISSN-L)
- 1536-8734
- OpenAlex
- W2161375627
- Cited by
- 2,340
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 179 · 2012: 178
- FWCI
- 46.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Data Analysis with R
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- multiple imputation, chained equations, Stata ado file, missing data, complete case analysis, Rubin's rules, survival analysis, prognostic model, breast cancer
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
