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Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Open accessAbstract
Following the seminal publications of Rubin about thirty years ago, statisticians have become increasingly aware of the inadequacy of “complete-case” analysis of datasets with missing observations. In medicine, for example, observations may be missing in a sporadic way for different covariates, and a complete-case analysis may omit as many as half of the available cases. Hotdeck imputation was implemented in Stata in 1999 by Mander and Clayton. However, this technique may perform poorly when many rows of data have at least one missing value. This article describes an implementation for Stata of the MICE method of multiple multivariate imputation described by van Buuren, Boshuizen, and Knook (1999). MICE stands for multivariate imputation by chained equations. The basic idea of data analysis with multiple imputation is to create a small number (e.g., 5–10) of copies of the data, each of which has the missing values suitably imputed, and analyze each complete dataset independently. Estimates of parameters of interest are averaged across the copies to give a single estimate. Standard errors are computed according to the “Rubin rules”, devised to allow for the between- and within-imputation components of variation in the parameter estimates. This article describes five ado-files. mvis creates multiple multivariate imputations. uvis imputes missing values for a single variable as a function of several covariates, each with complete data. micombine fits a wide variety of regression models to a multiply imputed dataset, combining the estimates using Rubin's rules, and supports survival analysis models (stcox and streg), categorical data models, generalized linear models, and more. Finally, misplit and mijoin are utilities to intercon-vert datasets created by mvis and by the miset program from John Carlin and colleagues. The use of the routines is illustrated with an example of prognostic modeling in breast cancer.
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“Missing data were imputed through multiple imputation with Stata using the MICE (multivariate imputation by chained equations) module (Royston, 2004).Five imputed data sets were generated.”
From Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception (2007) · cites this paper as Royston, 2004
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Cites
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Items 301–400 of 1,010
Tools for Analyzing Multiple Imputed Datasets
Carlin, J., Li, N., Greenwood, P., & Coffey, C. (2003) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0300300302 · Cited by 113
Fraser, A., Nelson, S. M., Macdonald-Wallis, C., & Lawlor, D. A. (2012) · Experimental Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2012/963735 · Cited by 112
“The multiple multivariate imputation approach creates a number of copies of the data in which missing values are imputed by chained equations [17].”
MethodInfluentialPisters, M., Veenhof, C., van Dijk, G. V., Heymans, M., Twisk, J., & Dekker, J. (2012) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.02.002 · Cited by 112
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“30,31 We used the ice command in Stata for Windows (version 9) to impute missing data for confounders and outcomes.”
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“on all outcome measures for all follow-up occasions were imputed via Multiple Imputation using Chained Equations (MICE) in Stata 11, with the ice command.(34)”
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Depression is a common and chronic comorbidity in patients with interstitial lung disease
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“STATA (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was used to perform the multiple imputation with 10 iterations and five imputations based on a Gibbs sampling method called multivariate imputation by chained equations (35, 36).”
MethodEmerging approaches applied to maritime transport research: past and future
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“lated using the ‘‘Rubin rules’’ (Royston 2004; Rubin 1987).”
van der Laan, A. M., Veenstra, R., Bogaerts, S., Verhulst, F., & Ormel, J. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9368-3 · Cited by 110
“At the scale level, we did multiple imputation using the MICE method of multivariate imputation (Allison 2002; Royston 2004).”
MethodWhere Does Debt Fit in the Stress Process Model?
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Population-based study of risk factors for severe maternal morbidity
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“In step 1, multiple imputations were created to handle the missing values using switching regression (Royston, 2004) implemented in Stata (StataCorp, 2007).”
MethodUnderstanding Factors Associated With Work Loss for Families Caring for CSHCN
Okumura, M., Cleave, J. V., Gnanasekaran, S. K., & Houtrow, A. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1255j · Cited by 108
Craine, N., Hickman, M., Parry, J., Smith, J., Walker, A., Russell, D., Nix, B., May, M., McDonald, T., & Lyons, M. (2009) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026880900212x · Cited by 108
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“Briefly, MIfuzzy is a new trajectory pattern recognition method with a full integration and enhancement of multiple imputation theory for missing data [3, 16–23] and fuzzy logic theories [24–26].”
Does private school competition improve public school performance? The case of Nepal
Thapa, A. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.07.004 · Cited by 106
“In this study, I have adopted the second method, termed Imputation by Chained Equations (ICE), by Patrick Royston (Royston, 2004).”
MethodNunn, A., Mwaba, P., Chintu, C., Mwinga, A., Darbyshire, J., & Zumla, A. (2008) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.a257 · Cited by 106
Diagnostics for Multiple Imputation in Stata
Eddings, W., & Marchenko, Y. V. (2012) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1201200301 · Cited by 105
“We will use a study of breast cancer that has illustrated multiple imputation in several other Stata Journal articles (Royston 2004; Carlin, Galati, and Royston 2008).”
MethodCancer stem cell markers in breast cancer: pathological, clinical and prognostic significance
Ali, H. R., Dawson, S., Blows, F., Provenzano, E., Pharoah, P., & Caldas, C. (2011) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr3061 · Cited by 105
“We used the ice command in Stata (StataCorp) to perform multiple imputation by chained equations [28,29] for 50 datasets across all IHC markers and relevant clinical variables including an outcome indicator (Nelson-Aalen estimator) to avoid inappropriate attenuation of associations [30].”
MethodUrban, J. B., Lewin‐Bizan, S., & Lerner, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.07.003 · Cited by 117
Linking getting to school with going to school
Gottfried, M. A. (2017) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373717699472 · Cited by 104
“Therefore, chained multiple imputation was employed (Royston, 2004).”
Multiple Imputation of Covariates by Substantive-model Compatible Fully Conditional Specification
Bartlett, J., & Morris, T. (2015) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1501500206 · Cited by 104
“In section 4 we used FP transformations that had previously been selected by Royston (2004). If this was not the case we would have had to select our best FP model.”
MethodWashbrook, E., Propper, C., & Sayal, K. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123562 · Cited by 104
APOE-related mortality: Effect of dementia, cardiovascular disease and gender
Rosvall, L., Rizzuto, D., Wang, H., Winblad, B. G., Graff, C., & Fratiglioni, L. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.003 · Cited by 82
Cost-utility analysis of treatment strategies in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis.
van den Hout, W. B., Goekoop-Ruiterman, Y., Allaart, C., de Vries-Bouwstra, J., Hazes, J., Kerstens, P., van Zeben, D., Hulsmans, H. M. J., de Jonge-Bok, J. M., de Sonnaville, P. D., et al. (2009) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.24169 · Cited by 104
“To reduce possible bias due to missing data, we used multiple imputation by chained equations (41,42), with 100 imputed data sets and 10 iterations for the switching regression model.”
Sauerbrei, W., Royston, P., & Look, M. (2007) · Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1002/bimj.200610328 · Cited by 104
“of FP transformations for positive arguments, the actual transformation of X6 used is log ðX6 þ 1Þ (Royston and Altman, 1994). For simplicity, in what follows we will call this origin-shifted transformation of X6 ‘log X6’. These two variables, X3b and X6 with its chosen function, are added to the variables in M0 givin…”
InfluentialSelf-citationLawlor, D. A., Batty, G. D., Morton, S. M. B., Deary, I. J., Macintyre, S., Ronalds, G., & Leon, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.030205 · Cited by 100
Alsaber, A., Pan, J., & Al-Hurban, A. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031333 · Cited by 110
“pdf) which stands for Multivariate Imputation via Chained Equations [37].”
MethodBansal, N., Zelnick, L. R., Alonso, Á., Benjamin, E., de Boer, I. D., Deo, R., Katz, R., Kestenbaum, B., Mathew, J. S., Robinson-Cohen, C., et al. (2017) · American Society of Nephrology. Clinical Journal · doi:10.2215/cjn.01860217 · Cited by 103
“All subjects’ values were multiply imputed using chained equations (45), which were then combined using Rubin rules to account for the variability in the imputation procedure (46).”
MethodHow Supportive of Their Specific Purposes Do Youth Believe Their Family and Friends Are?
Moran, S., Bundick, M. J., Malin, H., & Reilly, T. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558412457816 · Cited by 103
“Multiple imputation procedures (ICE program in Stata 10.1; Royston, 2005) were conducted to handle the small number of missing data (<5%; Acock, 2005).”
MethodInfluentialDo resources of network members help in help seeking? Social capital and health information search
Song, L., & Chang, T.-Y. (2012) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2012.08.002 · Cited by 116
Harding, D. J. (2011) · Sociologia da educação · doi:10.1177/0038040711417008 · Cited by 103
Adolescent obesity and life satisfaction: Perceptions of self, peers, family, and school
Forste, R., & Moore, E. (2012) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.008 · Cited by 101
Participation in learning and wellbeing among older adults
Jenkins, A. (2011) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2011.570876 · Cited by 102
“The imputations were done using the imputation by chained equations approach implemented as an add-on (called ICE) to the Stata statistical package (Royston 2005).”
MethodCost-effectiveness of guided self-help treatment for recurrent binge eating
Lynch, F. L., Striegel-Moore, R. H., Dickerson, J. F., Perrin, N., DeBar, L., Wilson, G. T., & Kraemer, H. C. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018982 · Cited by 100
“Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation with chained equations (Little & Rubin, 2002; Royston, 2004; Royston, 2005) using STATA statistical software.”
Wan, E. Y. F., Fung, C. S. C., Jiao, F. F., Yu, E. Y. T., Chin, W. Y., Fong, D., Wong, C. K. H., Chan, A. K. C., Chan, K. H. Y., Kwok, R. L. P., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0426 · Cited by 132
“This method can effectively reduce unnecessary biases (35,36), raise the power of the analysis, and producemore reliable and applicable models within clinical practice (37–39).”
MethodChakravarthy, U., Harding, S. P., Rogers, C. A., Downes, S. M., Lotery, A. J., Dakin, H., Culliford, L. A., Scott, L. J., Nash, R. L., Taylor, J., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19780 · Cited by 100
Abramson, D., Park, Y. S., Stehling-Ariza, T., & Redlener, I. (2010) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1001/dmp.2010.7 · Cited by 101
Urban, J. B., Lewin‐Bizan, S., & Lerner, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9549-y · Cited by 109
“Multiple imputation was implemented using Stata’s user-written program ice (imputation by chained equations) ran on Stata version 10 SE ( Royston 2004, 2005a, b).”
MethodCerin, E., Vandelanotte, C., Leslie, E., & Merom, D. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(suppl.).s126 · Cited by 101
Behavioral Problems Following Reunification of Children in Long Term Foster Care.
Bellamy, J. L. (2008) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.09.008 · Cited by 101
May, M., Lawlor, D., Brindle, P., Patel, R., & Ebrahim, S. (2006) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.085381 · Cited by 101
Practical Data Synthesis for Large Samples
Raab, G., Nowok, B., & Dibben, C. (2018) · Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality · doi:10.29012/jpc.v7i3.407 · Cited by 100
“It is now over twenty years since the first proposals were made to use synthetic data for disclosure control Rubin (1993); Little (1993); Fienberg (1994).”
BackgroundMethodPaternal Incarceration and the Housing Security of Urban Mothers
Geller, A., & Walker, A. (2014) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12098 · Cited by 105
“We therefore also use an imputation procedure (specifically Multiple Imputation through Chained Equations – see Royston 2004; Van Buuren, Boshuizen and Knook 1999) to estimate missing values of both incarceration and father involvement indicators, as well as potential confounders1.”
BackgroundMethodPaternal Incarceration and Father–Child Contact in Fragile Families
Geller, A. (2013) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12056 · Cited by 105
Maternal Depression and Childhood Health Inequalities
Turney, K. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146511408096 · Cited by 100
Auld, A., Mbofana, F., Shiraishi, R. W., Sánchez, M., Alfredo, C., Nelson, L., & Ellerbrock, T. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018453 · Cited by 100
Gender Gaps in Political Participation Across Sub-Saharan African Nations
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“…4 presents correlations between the regression coefficients for the bivariate gender gap we found in each nation and a variety of contextual indicators that have been used in prior research on modernization theory and have been found to be related to gender gaps in political participation and…”
MethodSerum Alkaline Phosphatase and Phosphate and Risk of Mortality and Hospitalization
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Barr, A. B., Culatta, E., & Simons, R. (2013) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146513486652 · Cited by 99
Migration and Health Selectivity in the Context of Internal Migration in China, 1997–2009
Tong, Y., & Piotrowski, M. (2012) · doi:10.1007/s11113-012-9240-y · Cited by 99
“We use Stata’s ICE routine (Royston 2004) to create five imputation samples, which we analyze using Stata’s ‘mi’ procedure that is specifically designed for analysis of multiply imputed data sets.”
MethodUnmasking the Myth of the Same-Sex Teacher Advantage
Neugebauer, M., Helbig, M., & Landmann, A. (2010) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcq038 · Cited by 109
“We generate five datasets through imputation by chained 12 equations (ICE), which has recently been implemented in Stata (Royston, 2004).”
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“Yes 72.2 69.9 74.1 16.89 (0.000) No 27.6 30.2 25.6 Missing 0.2 0.0 0.3 age in the 2006–08 data using the Stata add-in for imputation by chained equations (ICE) (van Buuren et al. 1999; Carlin et al. 2003; Royston 2004; Royston 2005a; Royston 2005b).”
MethodInfluentialPredictors of Bachelor’s Degree Completion among Rural Students at Four-Year Institutions
Byun, S., Irvin, M. J., & Meece, J. (2012) · Review of higher education (Print) · doi:10.1353/rhe.2012.0023 · Cited by 98
“We generated five imputed datasets and then averaged the coefficients and standard errors using the mim option in Stata (Royston, 2004).”
MethodInfluentialMarchenko, Y. V., & Reiter, J. P. (2006) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900303 · Cited by 98
Heider, D., Matschinger, H., Müller, H., Saum, K.-U., Quinzler, R., Haefeli, W. E., Wild, B., Lehnert, T., Brenner, H., & König, H. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-71 · Cited by 99
“With the exception of items of the health economic questionnaire, missing values were imputed by means of multiple imputation by chained equations using the program ice [51] in STATA Release 12 [52].”
MethodScreening for autism in extremely preterm infants: problems in interpretation
Moore, T., Johnson, S., Hennessy, E., & Marlow, N. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04265.x · Cited by 97
“The estimation of the prevalence of positive M-CHAT screens in all survivors at 2 years was analysed using multiple imputations (20 imputations) to account for selective dropout and missing variables.(14) Only the significant predictors of a positive screen in Model 2 (Table I; full cohort) plus any breast milk during…”
MethodSon, J., & Wilson, J. (2011) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2011.01266.x · Cited by 117
Parenting Stress Among Low-Income and Working-Class Fathers
Nomaguchi, K. M., & Johnson, W. L. B. (2014) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x14560642 · Cited by 129
“Missing data were imputed using Stata’s ice procedure to create 10 imputed data sets (see Royston, 2004).”
MethodEffectiveness of Modular CBT for Child Anxiety in Elementary Schools
Chiu, A. W., Langer, D. A., McLeod, B., Har, K., Drahota, A., Galla, B. M., Jacobs, J., Ifekwunigwe, M., & Wood, J. (2013) · School psychology quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000017 · Cited by 96
“In the first step, the Imputation by Chained Equations (ICE; Royston, 2004) program (Version 1.4.6) was run in Stata Version 10.0 (StataCorp, 2007) to generate 10 multiply imputed datasets.”
MethodInfluentialGestsdóttir, S., Bowers, E. P., von Eye, A., Napolitano, C. M., & Lerner, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9537-2 · Cited by 109
“Multiple imputation was implemented by employing the user-written ‘‘ice’’ (imputation by chained equations) program, which was run on Stata version 10 SE ( Royston 2004, 2005a, b).”
MethodAssociations of multiple physical activity domains with mental well-being
Cerin, E., Leslie, E., Sugiyama, T., & Owen, N. (2009) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.004 · Cited by 96
Gestsdottir, S., Lewin-Bizan, S., von Eye, A., Lerner, J., & Lerner, R. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.07.001 · Cited by 96
Mattei, A. (2009) · Stat. Methods Appl. · doi:10.1007/s10260-007-0086-0 · Cited by 95
Han, S., Borgonovi, F., & Guerriero, S. (2017) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831217729875 · Cited by 94
“All analyses take into account missing values through imputations by chained equation (ICE) procedures (Royston, 2004).”
MethodEcological Networks and Neighborhood Social Organization
Browning, C. R., Calder, C. A., Soller, B., Jackson, A. L., & Dirlam, J. (2017) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/691261 · Cited by 94
“American Journal of Sociology All multiple imputation to address missing data (approximately 10%; Royston 2004).”
BackgroundFarrar, D., Simmonds, M. C., Griffin, S. C., Duarte, A., Lawlor, D. A., Sculpher, M., Fairley, L., Golder, S., Tuffnell, D. J., Bland, M., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20860 · Cited by 121
“This method replaces missing values with multiple imputed values based on observed characteristics, and thus assumes that the pattern and values of the missing data are dependent on observable characteristics alone.(231) The main advantage of this method is that it is less likely to yield biased and inefficient estima…”
MethodEarly Childhood Behavior Problems and the Gender Gap in Educational Attainment in the United States
Owens, J. (2016) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/0038040716650926 · Cited by 103
Young Adults' Exposure to Alcohol- and Marijuana-Related Content on Twitter.
Cabrera-Nguyen, E., Cavazos-Rehg, P., Krauss, M. J., Bierut, L., & Moreno, M. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.349 · Cited by 94
“Missing data were handled via multiple imputation (Royston, 2004; White et al., 2011).”
MethodLittlewood, E., Duarte, A., Hewitt, C. E., Knowles, S. E., Palmer, S., Walker, S., Andersen, P., Araya, R., Barkham, M., Bower, P., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta191010 · Cited by 92
“Main analyses were conducted on multiply imputed data sets because of the presence of missing data in the trial.(53) A sensitivity analysis was performed to explore and quantify uncertainty in the cost-effectiveness results.”
MethodMaternal Reading Skills and Child Mortality in Nigeria: A Reassessment of Why Education Matters
Smith‐Greenaway, E. (2013) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0209-1 · Cited by 94
“I use the Stata 12 ICE program (Royston 2004) to multiply impute data for the 691 children (7”
MethodThe impact of support staff on pupils’ ‘positive approaches to learning’ and their academic progress
Blatchford, P., Bassett, P., Brown, P., Martin, C., Russell, A., & Webster, R. (2011) · doi:10.1080/01411921003734645 · Cited by 94
Dinno, A., & Glantz, S. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.003 · Cited by 94
“In order to minimize analytic biases introduced by case-wise deletion of observations with missing data, we employed multiple imputation using Stata 9.2 (StataCorp, 2005) and the ice package ( Royston, 2004, 2005 ) to create five data sets for analysis with combined results (Rubin, 1976, 1996; Schafer, 1999).”
InfluentialSocial Competence at the Playground: Preschoolers During Recess
Veiga, G., de Leng, W. E., Cachucho, R., Ketelaar, L., Kok, J. N., Knobbe, A., Neto, C., & Rieffe, C. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1957 · Cited by 94
Shadow Education and Academic Success in Republic of Korea
Byun, S.-Y. (2014) · Education in the Asia-Pacific region · doi:10.1007/978-981-4451-27-7_3 · Cited by 94
Early Life Course Pathways of Adult Depression and Chronic Pain
Goosby, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146512475089 · Cited by 100
“E-mail: bgoosby2@unl.edu”
One-year mortality among Danish intensive care patients with acute kidney injury: a cohort study
Gammelager, H., Christiansen, C., Johansen, M. B., Tønnesen, E., Jespersen, B., & Sørensen, H. (2012) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11420 · Cited by 93
“In this analysis we estimated AKI levels for patients with missing creatinine using multiple imputations [26-28], generating five imputed datasets.”
MethodProcesses of Care and Medical Complications in Patients With Stroke
Ingeman, A., Andersen, G., Hundborg, H., Svendsen, M., & Johnsen, S. P. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.599738 · Cited by 93
Puig-Barberá, J., Arnedo-Pena, A., Pardo-Serrano, F., Tirado-Balaguer, M., Perez-Vilar, S., Silvestre-Silvestre, E., Calvo-Mas, C., Safont-Adsuara, L., & Ruiz-García, M. (2010) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.042 · Cited by 93
Nevalainen, J., Kenward, M. G., & Virtanen, S. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3731 · Cited by 93
“The FCS approach has been implemented in IVEware [14], with a SAS add-in, and MICE [18], which has been implemented in Stata [19].”
MethodA prospective study of lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer incidence and mortality
Orsini, N., Bellocco, R., Bottai, M., Pagano, M., Andersson, S., Johansson, J., Giovannucci, E., & Wolk, A. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605404 · Cited by 93
“To evaluate a potential effect of missing values on the observed results, we used multivariate imputation by chained equations to obtain five imputed data sets of the analytic cohort including 45 887 men (van Buuren et al, 1999; Royston, 2004).”
MethodParent educational investment and children’s general knowledge development
Cheadle, J. E. (2008) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.12.002 · Cited by 96
Bellamy, J. L., Gopalan, G., & Traube, D. E. (2010) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104510377720 · Cited by 92
Handling missing values: A study of popular imputation packages in R
Yadav, M., & Roychoudhury, B. (2018) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2018.06.012 · Cited by 92
Alcohol Use Trajectories and Problem Drinking Over the Course of Adolescence
Cheadle, J. E., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510393973 · Cited by 91
Harris, A. L., Jamison, K. M., & Trujillo, M. (2008) · doi:10.1177/0002716208322765 · Cited by 92
Lawlor, D. A., Batty, G. D., Clark, H. R., McIntyre, S., & Leon, D. A. (2008) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9281-z · Cited by 81
“We used switching regression in Stata as described by Royston [ 36 ], and carried out 20 cycles of regression switching and generated 20 imputation datasets.”
MethodInfluentialSmoking cessation treatment by primary care physicians: An update and call for training.
Schnoll, R., Rukstalis, M., Wileyto, E., & Shields, A. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.05.001 · Cited by 92
Typologies of alcohol consumption in adolescence: predictors and adult outcomes.
Cable, N., & Sacker, A. (2006) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm146 · Cited by 92
“Missing data values were imputed using the MICE method implemented in Stata by Royston (2004) .”
MethodSanders, M. E., Page, D. L., Simpson, J. F., Schuyler, P., Plummer, W., & Dupont, W. D. (2006) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21730 · Cited by 92
“Age 50 yrs 41 (66) 587 (72) 390 (82) 6602 (80) 50 yrs 21 (33) 231 (28) 86 (18) 1598 (20) Age at menarche 13 yrs 23 (42) 275 (38) 157 (42) 2707 (38) 13 yrs 31 (58) 443 (62) 220 (58) 4337 (62) Parity and age at first childbirth Nulliparous 17 (27) 162 (20) 152 (32) 2080 (25) Parous 25 yrs at first childbirth 24 (39) 439…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Royston, P.
- Affiliations
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Royston, Patrick
- ORCID
- Royston, Patrick
- Venue
- The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-241
- ISSN
- 1536-867X (ISSN-L)
- 1536-8734
- OpenAlex
- W2161375627
- Cited by
- 2,340
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 179 · 2012: 178
- FWCI
- 46.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Data Analysis with R
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- multiple imputation, chained equations, Stata ado file, missing data, complete case analysis, Rubin's rules, survival analysis, prognostic model, breast cancer
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