Cited by 307Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

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Updated Tests for Small-study Effects in Meta-analyses

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Harbord, Roger M., Harris, Ross J., Sterne, Jonathan A. C.·2009·The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata

DOI 10.1177/1536867x0900900202

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Abstract

This article describes an updated version of the metabias command, which provides statistical tests for funnel plot asymmetry. In addition to the previously implemented tests, metabias implements two new tests that are recommended in the recently updated Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins and Green 2008). The first new test, proposed by Harbord, Egger, and Sterne (2006, Statistics in Medicine 25: 3443–3457), is a modified version of the commonly used test proposed by Egger et al. (1997, British Medical Journal 315: 629–634). It regresses Z/[Formula: see text] against [Formula: see text], where Z is the efficient score and V is Fisher's information (the variance of Z under the null hypothesis). The second new test is Peters’ test, which is based on a weighted linear regression of the intervention effect estimate on the reciprocal of the sample size. Both of these tests maintain better control of the false-positive rate than the test proposed by Egger at al., while retaining similar power.

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Additional file 5 of Survival outcomes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with and without neurofibromatosis type I (NF1): a meta-analysis
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Additional file 2 of Effects of manual lymphatic drainage on total knee replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Lu, H., Shao, Q., Li, W., Li, F., Xiong, W., Li, K. P., & Feng, W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24934688
Additional file 2 of Survival outcomes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with and without neurofibromatosis type I (NF1): a meta-analysis
Lim, Z., Gu, T. Y., Tai, B. C., & Puhaindran, M. E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665591
Additional file 3 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042369
Additional file 4 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042372
Additional file 1 of Effects of manual lymphatic drainage on total knee replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Lu, H., Shao, Q., Li, W., Li, F., Xiong, W., Li, K. P., & Feng, W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24934463
Additional file 5 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042375
Additional file 1 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042363
Additional file 7 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042381
Additional file 4 of Survival outcomes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with and without neurofibromatosis type I (NF1): a meta-analysis
Lim, Z., Gu, T. Y., Tai, B. C., & Puhaindran, M. E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665597
Additional file 6 of Survival outcomes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with and without neurofibromatosis type I (NF1): a meta-analysis
Lim, Z., Gu, T. Y., Tai, B. C., & Puhaindran, M. E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665603
Additional file 3 of Survival outcomes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with and without neurofibromatosis type I (NF1): a meta-analysis
Lim, Z., Gu, T. Y., Tai, B. C., & Puhaindran, M. E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665594
Additional file 2 of Effectiveness and safety of manual therapy when compared with oral pain medications in patients with neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Makin, J., Watson, L., Pouliopoulou, D. V., Laframboise, T., Gangloff, B., Sidhu, R., Sadi, J., Parikh, P., Gross, A., Langevin, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25622061
Additional file 6 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042378
Additional file 1 of Effectiveness and safety of manual therapy when compared with oral pain medications in patients with neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Makin, J., Watson, L., Pouliopoulou, D. V., Laframboise, T., Gangloff, B., Sidhu, R., Sadi, J., Parikh, P., Gross, A., Langevin, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25621955
Additional file 2 of Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review
Edwards, P., & Perkins, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27042366
Additional file 1 of Survival outcomes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with and without neurofibromatosis type I (NF1): a meta-analysis
Lim, Z., Gu, T. Y., Tai, B. C., & Puhaindran, M. E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665588
The prevalence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and its associated factors among mechanically ventilated patients in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
Messelu, M. A., Mihiret, G. T., Mekonen, G. B., Birhanie, T. A., Laikemariam, M., Gete, M., Amlak, B. T., Teshale, M. M., Wondmu, K. S., Aniley, H. A., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950644/v1
The effect of fascia Iliaca compartment block in patients with total hip arthroplasty under general vs. spinal anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Han, L., Chang, P., Feng, Z., Liu, H., Qiu, Y., & Wang, X. (2026) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-025-03564-3

Authors: Harbord, R. M., Harris, R. J., & Sterne, J. A. C.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
Health Protection Agency (GB)
Corresponding author: Harbord, Roger M.
Harris, Ross J.
ORCID: Harbord, Roger M.
Harris, Ross J.
Sterne, Jonathan A. C.
Venue: The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-08
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-210
ISSN: 1536-867X (ISSN-L)
1536-8734
DOI: 10.1177/1536867x0900900202
OpenAlex: W1566635326
Cited by: 307
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: small-study effects, funnel plot asymmetry, publication bias, Stata, Egger's test, false positive rate control, meta-analysis software

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Updated Tests for Small-study Effects in Meta-analyses

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