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Updated Tests for Small-study Effects in Meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
This article describes an updated version of the metabias command, which provides statistical tests for funnel plot asymmetry. In addition to the previously implemented tests, metabias implements two new tests that are recommended in the recently updated Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins and Green 2008). The first new test, proposed by Harbord, Egger, and Sterne (2006, Statistics in Medicine 25: 3443–3457), is a modified version of the commonly used test proposed by Egger et al. (1997, British Medical Journal 315: 629–634). It regresses Z/[Formula: see text] against [Formula: see text], where Z is the efficient score and V is Fisher's information (the variance of Z under the null hypothesis). The second new test is Peters’ test, which is based on a weighted linear regression of the intervention effect estimate on the reciprocal of the sample size. Both of these tests maintain better control of the false-positive rate than the test proposed by Egger at al., while retaining similar power.
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“We assessed publication bias by using Deeks' and Harbord's regression tests for the pooled absolute and relative accuracy estimates, respectively.36 37”
From Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Harbord, R. M., Harris, R. J., & Sterne, J. A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Health Protection Agency (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harbord, Roger M.
- Harris, Ross J.
- Venue
- The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-210
- ISSN
- 1536-867X (ISSN-L)
- 1536-8734
- OpenAlex
- W1566635326
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- small-study effects, funnel plot asymmetry, publication bias, Stata, Egger's test, false positive rate control, meta-analysis software
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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