The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Maturing of Facilitated Communication: A Means Toward Independent Communication
Open accessAbstract
Facilitated communication (FC) can be a successful means for people to learn to communicate effectively and independently. The preponderance of peer-reviewed articles supports FC as a useful tool for developing communication skills. While there has been a chasm of difference in qualitative versus quantitative studies on FC, researchers have produced a body of current literature confirming the method. Many people with significant intellectual disabilities, through the use of FC, have been able to demonstrate their ability to successfully communicate. We, as a profession, now need to respond with collaborative scholarship. In addition, revised position statements must be developed reflecting the past research findings and encouraging future research.
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“Rigorous empirical evidence emerging from the 1990s onward, incorporating findings from the fields of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), epigenetics, and bioenergetics (Segerstrom, 2012), has indicated that environmental factors, stress, and other mental states have significant negative effects on the communicative performances of nonspeaking autistics (Cardinal and Falvey, 2014).”
From Perspective: Presuming Autistic Communication Competence and Reframing Facilitated Communication (2022) · cites this paper as Cardinal and Falvey, 2014
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In the citing paper
“Indeed, peer-reviewed studies confirming autistic or disabled authorship of FC messages number over a hundred from the 1990s to the present (Cardinal and Falvey, 2014)”
From Perspective: Presuming Autistic Communication Competence and Reframing Facilitated Communication (2022) · cites this paper as Cardinal and Falvey, 2014
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In the citing paper
“Of the 15 new commentary papers on FC located, 14 were critical and one was non-critical.”
From Systematic review of facilitated communication 2014–2018 finds no new evidence that messages delivered using facilitated communication are authored by the person with disability (2018) · cites this paper as Cardinal & Falvey, 2014
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Citations
Cites
Beukelman, D. R., & Mirenda, P. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 546
Jones, S. (2004) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1360-2322.2004.0182a.x · Cited by 428
The journal of developmental processes
Disorders, L., & Milton (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 325
Communication Unbound: Autism and Praxis
Biklen, D. P. (1990) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.60.3.013h5022862vu732 · Cited by 303
Psicologia clinica dello sviluppo
Cornoldi, C., Ammaniti, M., Bernabei, P., Cassibba, L., Emiliani, F., Palmonari, A., Simion, F., Vicari, S., Volterra, V., & Zavattini, G. C. (2006) · Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) · Cited by 287
(1993) · PubMed · Cited by 158
Facilitated communication: a failure to replicate the phenomenon
Eberlin, M., McConnachie, G., Ibel, S., & Volpe, L. (1993) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01046053 · Cited by 101
Independence, participation, and the meaning of intellectual ability
Rubin, S., Biklen, D., Kasa-Hendrickson, C., Kluth, P., Cardinal, D. N., & Broderick, A. (2001) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687590120045969 · Cited by 78
Self-citation(1994) · Cited by 73
The Social Construction of Mental Retardation.
Ferguson, P. M. (1987) · Social policy · Cited by 69
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Bedingfield S., 2004, Autism is a world
- Cardinal D., 1996, Mental Retardation, 34, 231
- Cardinal D., 2012, Autism: Sensory-movement differences and diversity, 135
- Goddard P., 2012, I am intelligent: From heartbreak to healing: A mother and daughter journey through autism
- Sheehan C., 1996, Mental Retardation, 34, 94
- Weiss M. J. S., 1996, Mental Retardation, 34, 220
- Wheeler D. L., 1993, Mental Retardation, 31, 49
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Perspective: Presuming Autistic Communication Competence and Reframing Facilitated Communication
Heyworth, M., Chan, T., & Lawson, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864991 · Cited by 103
Evaluating Claims to Avoid Pseudoscientific and Unproven Practices in Special Education
Travers, J. C. (2016) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/1053451216659466 · Cited by 74
Eye-tracking reveals agency in assisted autistic communication
Jaswal, V. K., Wayne, A., & Golino, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64553-9 · Cited by 68
Hemsley, B., Bryant, L., Schlosser, R. W., Shane, H. C., Lang, R., Paul, D., Banajee, M., & Ireland, M. (2018) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/2396941518821570 · Cited by 63
“…et al., 2014; Mirenda, 2014; Mostert, 2014, 2015; Sherry, 2016; Singer et al., 2014; Tostanoski et al., 2014; Travers & Ayres, 2015; Travers et al., 2014; Trembath et al., 2015; Wombles, 2014); and (b) scant peer- reviewed literature that is supportive of FC (n¼ 1, Cardinal & Falvey, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodDeaf studies meets autistic studies
Friedner, M. I., & Block, P. (2017) · The Senses and Society · doi:10.1080/17458927.2017.1369716 · Cited by 30
Does linguistic analysis confirm the validity of facilitated communication?
Saloviita, T. (2018) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357616646075 · Cited by 11
Towards an Understanding of Spirituality in the Context of Nonverbal Autism: A Scoping Review
Hills, K., Clapton, J., & Dorsett, P. (2016) · Journal of Disability & Religion · doi:10.1080/23312521.2016.1244501 · Cited by 10
Travers, J. C., Tincani, M., Thompson, J., & Simpson, R. L. (2016) · Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities · doi:10.1108/s0735-004x20160000029005 · Cited by 10
Supporting autistic flourishing
Jaswal, V. K., & Akhtar, N. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x19000025 · Cited by 7
Spirituality in the Context of Nonverbal Autism: A Research Process – Analysis and Findings
Hills, K., Clapton, J., Dorsett, P., & Andersen, K. (2019) · Journal of Disability & Religion · doi:10.1080/23312521.2019.1682104 · Cited by 9
Falsified incompetence and other lies the positivists told me
Williams, R. M. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Disability Studies · doi:10.15353/cjds.v9i5.696 · Cited by 6
Barriers to Knowing and Being Known: Constructions of (In)competence in Research
Woodfield, C., & Freedman, J. E. (2021) · Philosophical Inquiry in Education · doi:10.7202/1082924ar · Cited by 3
Woodfield, C., McIlvaine, J. A., & Quinn, L. M. (2025) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2025.2581756 · Cited by 2
Agran, M. (2014) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1540796914558830 · Cited by 2
Beals, K. P. (2022) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2022.2097872 · Cited by 2
Hills, K., Clapton, J., & Dorsett, P. (2019) · Journal of Social Inclusion · doi:10.36251/josi152 · Cited by 1
Conducting Research with People with Nonverbal Autism: An Inclusive Methodological Approach
Hills, K., Clapton, J., Dorsett, P., & Andersen, K. (2020) · Journal of Social Inclusion · doi:10.36251/josi.162 · Cited by 4
Spirituality in the Context of Nonverbal Autism
Hills, K. (2019) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/880
Communication, Agency, and the Relational Self in ASD and the Letters of Paul
Eastman, S. (2021) · Journal of Disability & Religion · doi:10.1080/23312521.2021.1911743
Ethics Dialogue: Spelling to Communicate – Reply by Thomas Zane
Zane, T. L. (2024) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-024-01023-y
Nuri, C. (2025) · Turkish special education journal: international. · doi:10.69485/tseji.1608022
Metadata
- Authors
- Cardinal, D. N., & Falvey, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Chapman University (US)
- California State University Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 189-194
- ISSN
- 0147-4375 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-7969
- 2169-2408
- OpenAlex
- W2138325122
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
- Keywords
- facilitated communication, intellectual disability, augmentative and alternative communication, communication skills development, evidence synthesis, position statement, collaborative scholarship
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