Supporting Informed Consent in Human-Machine Collaboration: The Role of Conflict Type, Time Pressure, and Display Design
Abstract
This study examined factors affecting the effectiveness of human-machine coordination under a management-by-consent approach where the automation cannot act without explicit operator consent. The context for this study was a proposed aviation system for digital air-ground communication, data link, which may allow system goals to be automatically translated and transferred (“gated”) to other automated cockpit systems. Gating, conflict type, time pressure, and display design were manipulated within a set of simulated flight scenarios which required airline pilots to detect the presence of potential conflicts inherent in the clearance or its implementation. Conflict detection, and thus the operator's ability to provide informed consent, was influenced primarily by conflict type, time pressure, and gating. It was particularly poor for conflicts arising from the implementation methods chosen by automated systems, especially when these systems did more than expected. These results suggest that automated systems need to play a more active role in coordination by providing operators with feedback on their interpretation of commands and their strategies for executing operator instructions.
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Recent studies found that use of a lower level of automation of action selection (entering data-linked flight information into the flight management computer) allowed for more errors of decision making automation to be caught than a higher level in which data entry was accomplished by pressing a single 'accept' button.
“Use of a lower level of automation of action selection-in entering data-linked flight information into the flight management computer-allowed for more errors of decision making automation to be caught, than a higher level, in which data entry was accomplished by pressing a single 'accept' button.”
From A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation (2000) · cites this paper as [30]
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A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation
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- Authors
- Olson, W. A., & Sarter, N. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Sarter, Nadine B.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 189-193
- ISSN
- 0163-5182 (ISSN-L)
- 1071-1813
- 2169-5067
- OpenAlex
- W2067076024
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- informed consent, human-machine collaboration, conflict detection, conflict types, time pressure, display design, data link, cockpit automation, pilot-automation interaction
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