Cited by 155Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsDental Health and Care Utilization

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Alcohol Consumption Increases Periodontitis Risk

Pitiphat, W., Merchant, A.T., Rimm, E.B., Joshipura, K.J.·2003·Journal of Dental Research

DOI 10.1177/154405910308200704

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Abstract

Alcohol consumption impairs neutrophil, macrophage, and T-cell functions, increasing the likelihood of infections. We examined the association between alcohol consumption and periodontitis, prospectively, among 39,461 male health professionals aged 40 to 75 years and free of periodontitis at the start of follow-up. Alcohol intake was assessed at baseline and updated every 4 years by a food-frequency questionnaire. Periodontal disease status was self-reported and validated against radiographs. Multivariate analysis was adjusted for age, smoking, diabetes, body-mass index, physical activity, time period, and caloric intake. During 406,160 person-years of follow-up, there were 2125 cases of periodontitis. Compared with non-drinkers, the relative risk (95% confidence interval) among men reporting usual alcohol intake of 0.1-4.9 g/day was 1.24 (1.09, 1.42); 5.0 to 14.9 g/day, 1.18 (1.04, 1.35); 15 to 29.9 g/day, 1.18 (1.01, 1.38); and > 30 g/day, 1.27 (1.08, 1.49). The results suggest that alcohol consumption is an independent modifiable risk factor for periodontitis.

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Influential
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Nascimento, G. G., Leite, F. R. M., Scheutz, F., & López, R. (2017) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-017-0158-7 · Cited by 27
The effect of alcohol consumption on periodontitis in older Danes
Hach, M., Holm‐Pedersen, P., Adegboye, A. R. A., & Avlund, K. (2015) · International Journal of Dental Hygiene · doi:10.1111/idh.12121 · Cited by 23
Translating science into action: periodontal health through public health approaches
Jürgensen, N., Petersen, P. E., Ogawa, H., & Matsumoto, S. (2012) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00451.x · Cited by 23
The periodontal disease–systemic health–infectious disease axis in developing countries
Enwonwu, C. O., & Salako, N. O. (2012) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00447.x · Cited by 22
Subversion of the Oral Microbiota and Induction of Immune-Mediated Systemic Inflammation with Special Reference to Periodontitis: Current Knowledge and Perspectives
Santacroce, L., Muzio, E. L., Bottalico, L., Spirito, F., Charitos, I. A., Passarelli, P. C., & Jirillo, E. (2022) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530322666220629101357 · Cited by 22
Evaluation of the subgingival microbiota of alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals
Amaral, C. D. S. F., Silva‐Boghossian, C. M., Leão, A. T. T., & Colombo, A. P. V. (2011) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2011.08.004 · Cited by 21
Systemic, Lifestyle and Environmental Modifying Factors in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis
Groeger, S. E., Yuxi, Z., Yong, J., Wang, L., Ruf, S., & Meyle, J. (2025) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.70003 · Cited by 26
Researching periodontitis: challenges and opportunities
Merchant, A. T., & Pitiphat, W. (2007) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01148.x · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Association of ALDH2 Genotypes with Periodontitis Progression
Nishida, N., Tanaka, M., Sekine, S., Takeshita, T., Nakayama, K., Morimoto, K., & Shizukuishi, S. (2009) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034509356045 · Cited by 20
“…the relationship between alcohol consumption and periodontitis risk in cross-sectional (Sakki et al., 1995; Shizukuishi et al., 1998; Tezal et al., 2001, 2004; Nishida et al., 2004; Shimazaki et al., 2005) and longitudinal studies (Pitiphat et al., 2003; Okamoto et al., 2006; Jansson, 2008).”
Background
Low caloric value of ethanol itself increases alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in male rats
de Souza, D. M., & da Rocha, R. F. (2009) · Brazilian Oral Research · doi:10.1590/s1806-83242009000400017 · Cited by 19
Predictive data mining for diagnosing periodontal disease: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES V and VI) from 2010 to 2015
Lee, J., Jeong, S., & Choi, S. (2018) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jphd.12293 · Cited by 17
Alcohol and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review
Gandhi, U. H., Benjamin, A., Gajjar, S., Hirani, T., Desai, K., Suhagia, B. B., Ahmad, R., Sinha, S., Haque, M., & Kumar, S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.62270 · Cited by 25
Association between alcohol dependence and both periodontal disease and tooth loss: a cross-sectional study
Filho, J. M. P., Ribeiro, L. S. F. E., Sartori, L., dos Santos, J. N., Ramalho, L. M. P., & Cury, P. R. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2807-3 · Cited by 16
Alveolar bone loss induced by chronic ethanol consumption from adolescence to adulthood in Wistar rats.
Bannach, S. V., Teixeira, F. B., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, R. D. O., Santana, L. N. D. S., Fontes-Júnior, E. A., de Oliveira, G. B., & Prediger, R. D. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Prolonged caffeine intake decreases alveolar bone damage induced by binge-like ethanol consumption in adolescent female rats
Maia, C. D. S. F., Pinheiro, B. G., da Silva, C. C. S., Cunha, R. A., Souza‐Monteiro, D., Ferreira, M. K. M., Schmidt, T. R., Balbinot, G. D. S., Collares, F. M., Martins, M. D., et al. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110608 · Cited by 15
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and the Risk of Chronic Periodontitis: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Shine, B.-K., Son, M., Moon, S. Y., & Han, S.-H. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010125 · Cited by 15
“Compared with non-drinkers, men consuming alcohol had progressively higher relative risks of periodontitis, with those drinking >30 g/day having a 27% increased risk (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08–1.49) [48].”
Influential
Alcohol Intake Influences the Occurrence and Progression of Periodontitis Differently According to Sex and Country Sociodemographic Development: A Two-Stage Systematic Review
Oliveira, L. M., Pilecco, K. D. S., de Oliveira, C. A., Antoniazzi, R. P., Demarco, F. F., & Zanatta, F. B. (2022) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agac023 · Cited by 15
Alcoholic beverage consumption, smoking habits, and periodontitis: A cross‐sectional investigation of the NutriNet‐Santé study
Hamdi, Z., Detzen, L., Fessi, S., Julia, C., Herçberg, S., Czernichow, S., Boillot, A., Touvier, M., Bouchard, P., Andreeva, V. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0192 · Cited by 15
Self-reported periodontitis and fecundability in a population of pregnancy planners
Bond, J. C., Wise, L. A., Willis, S. K., Yland, J. J., Hatch, E. E., Rothman, K. J., & Heaton, B. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deab058 · Cited by 15
“Observed associations with periodontal disease are predominantly limited to individuals reporting at least daily consumption (Tezal et al., 2001, 2004; Pitiphat et al., 2003; Hach et al., 2015).”
Background
Geriatric alcoholism
Friedlander, A. H., & Norman, D. C. (2006) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0182 · Cited by 15
Effects of Cachaça, a typical Brazilian alcoholic beverage, on alveolar bone loss and density: A study in peripubertal rats
Bastos, M. F., Gaag, G. L. D., Romero, J. R., Gabrili, J. J. M., Marques, M. R., & Duarte, P. M. (2013) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.10.002 · Cited by 14
Alcohol use and the development of periodontal pockets: An 11‐year follow‐up study
Sankaranarayanan, R., Saxlin, T., Knuuttila, M. L. E., Ylöstalo, P., & Suominen, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.19-0602 · Cited by 14
Effect of alcohol consumption status and alcohol concentration on oral pain induced by alcohol-containing mouthwash
Satpathy, A., Ravindra, S., Porwal, A., Das, A. C., Kumar, M., & Mukhopadhyay, I. (2013) · Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.2334/josnusd.55.99 · Cited by 14
Comparison of various risk indicators among patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis in davangere population
Vandana, K. L., Nadkarni, R. D., & Guddada, K. (2015) · Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology · doi:10.4103/0972-124x.156879 · Cited by 13
Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of periodontitis
Alhassani, A. A., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., Li, Y., Rosner, B. A., Willett, W. C., & Joshipura, K. J. (2020) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.19-0463 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Gender Differences in the Levels of Periodontal Destruction, Behavioral Risk Factors and Systemic Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Cohort Pilot Study
Stănescu, I., Bulboacă, A. E., Micu, I. C., Bolboaca, S. D., Boarescu, P.-M., Bulboacă, A., Bodizs, G., Dogaru, G. B., Festila, D. G., Popa‐Wagner, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061744 · Cited by 13
“The risk for periodontitis among men reporting regular alcohol intake previously proved dose‐dependency [82].”
Background
The relationship between inflammatory dietary pattern and incidence of periodontitis
Alhassani, A. A., Hu, F. B., ROSNER, B. A., Tabung, F. K., Willett, W. C., & JOSHIPURA, K. J. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520005231 · Cited by 13
“However, consumption of alcohol has been associated with increased risk of periodontitis, most likely through other mechanisms other than systemic inflammation (20,36) , and we addressed this issue by controlling for the cumulative alcohol intake in the adjusted models.”
Self-citation
Association between dental scaling and metabolic syndrome and lifestyle
Lee, T. Y., Han, K., & Yun, K.-I. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297545 · Cited by 10
Association between adjustable dietary factors and periodontitis: NHANES 2009–2014 and Mendelian randomization
Chen, L., Zhao, R., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05972-4 · Cited by 10
“Also, our analysis extends the observational findings [18–20 , 46] by showing the causal role of high alcohol consumption on the risk of periodontitis.”
Gender Basis of Periodontal Diseases.
Alam, N., Mishra, P., & Chandrasekaran, S. C. (2012) · Cited by 10
Alcohol use and periodontal pocket development: findings from a 4‐yr longitudinal study
Sankaranarayanan, R., Saxlin, T., Ylöstalo, P., Khan, S. M., Knuuttila, M. L. E., & Suominen, A. L. (2019) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12610 · Cited by 10
Alcohol Consumption, Risk of Periodontitis and Change of Periodontal Parameters in a Population‐Based Cohort Study
Baumeister, S., Schössow, J., Nascimento, G. G., Völzke, H., Kocher, T., & Holtfreter, B. (2025) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.14154 · Cited by 9
“The largest cohort study, conducted among 39,461 male health professionals in the United States, found that intake of ≥ 30 g/day (compared with 0 g/day) at baseline was associated with an RR for periodontitis of 1.27 (1.08, 1.49) over a ~12-year follow-up (Pitiphat et al. 2003).”
Influential
Association of Herpesvirus and Periodontitis: A Clinical and Laboratorial Case–Control Study
Picolo, M., Nobre, M. D. A., Salvado, F., & Barroso, H. (2023) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1761423 · Cited by 9
“26,27 The oral hygiene habits considering the frequency of daily brushing was collected and categorized (0 – 1 times per day, 1 – 2 times per day, and 2 – 3 times per day).”
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Alcohol Intake and Serum Antibodies to Oral Microorganisms
Merchant, A. T., Park, Y., Dodhia, S., Shrestha, D., Choi, Y., & Pitiphat, W. (2016) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/2380084416674710 · Cited by 8
“Also, alcohol intake is positively associated with incident periodontal disease (Pitiphat et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Alcohol use disorders are associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis in a rural area of Brazil
Oliveira, L. M., Cerezer, D. M., Casarin, M., Moreira, C. H. C., & Zanatta, F. B. (2021) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.12890 · Cited by 9
Psychosocial, behavioural and oral health indicators--review of the literature.
Lenčová, E., Broukal, Z., & Dušková, J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 9

Authors: Pitiphat, W., Merchant, A. T., Rimm, E. B., & Joshipura, K. J.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID: Pitiphat, W.
Merchant, A.T.
Rimm, E.B.
Joshipura, K.J.
Venue: Journal of Dental Research
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2003-07
Volume: 82
Issue: 7
Pages: 509-513
ISSN: 0022-0345 (ISSN-L)
1544-0591
DOI: 10.1177/154405910308200704
OpenAlex: W2076305238
Cited by: 155
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 6.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Dental Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-11181, R01AA011181)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, HL35464)
National Cancer Institute (CA-55075)
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE-12102, R01DE012102)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
Keywords: alcohol consumption, periodontitis, periodontal risk factors, modifiable risk factors, immune function, prospective cohort
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Periodontitis, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Risk Factors, Smoking, Logistic Models, Proportional Hazards Models

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Alcohol Consumption Increases Periodontitis Risk

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