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Beyond NAGPRA/Not NAGPRA
Abstract
Institutions have been slow to respond to calls from Indigenous nations, organizations, and scholars to require free, prior, and informed consent before authorizing use of their cultural heritage materials in publications, exhibition, and research. In the United States, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 fundamentally changed the relationship between museums, archaeologists, and Indigenous nations, requiring institutions to inventory their collections and consult with descendant communities on repatriation of specific Indigenous collections. In response, institutions and their personnel have come to view Indigenous collections as those subject to NAGPRA and those that are not—NAGPRA/Not NAGPRA. Many Indigenous nations, however, do not accept this demarcation, resulting in continued frustration and trauma for those descendant communities. This case study follows the evolving relationship between the White Earth Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe and the Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology. Beginning with repatriation, the relationship has expanded to consider how the museum and Indigenous nation can collaborate on the care and curation of cultural heritage materials that remain at the Peabody Institute. Most recently, White Earth and the Peabody have executed an MOU that governs how the museum will handle new acquisitions, found-in-collections materials, and donor offers. The relationship with the White Earth also has influenced how the Peabody Institute approaches its holdings of Indigenous cultural heritage materials more broadly, blurring the line between NAGPRA and Not NAGPRA collections. The Peabody Institute is working to revise its collections policy to require free, prior, and informed consent prior to use of Indigenous cultural heritage materials in publications, exhibitions, and research.
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In practice, many institutions separate their collections into "NAGPRA / not NAGPRA" categories using their own (typically, non-Native institutional) knowledge or assumptions about what might be significant to Native Nations, without full engagement in consultation.
“In practice, many institutions separate their collections into “NAGPRA / not NAGPRA” categories using their own (typically, non-Native institutional) knowledge or assumptions about what might be significant to Native Nations, without full engagement in consultation (see Wheeler et al. [2022] and Seidemann [2009] regarding NAGPRA / not NAGPRA discernment in museums).”
From NAGPRA in Archaeological Practice: Implementing Duty of Care (2025) · cites this paper as Wheeler et al. [2022]
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The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance
Carroll, S. R., Garba, I., Figueroa-Rodríguez, O. L., Holbrook, J., Lovett, R., Materechera, S., Parsons, M., Raseroka, K., Rodriguez-Lonebear, D., Rowe, R., et al. (2020) · Data Science Journal · doi:10.5334/dsj-2020-043 · Cited by 1,408
Christen, K., & Anderson, J. (2019) · Archival Science · doi:10.1007/s10502-019-09307-x · Cited by 125
NAGPRA at 30: The Effects of Repatriation
Nash, S. E., & Colwell, C. (2020) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-075435 · Cited by 92
Decolonizing Museums: Representing Native America in National and Tribal Museums
Redman, S. J. (2013) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.1215/00141801-2314011 · Cited by 49
Negotiating Who "Owns" Penobscot Culture
Anderson, J. (2018) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.2018.0008 · Cited by 17
PROPATRIATION: Possibilities for Art after NAGPRA
Moore, E. F. (2010) · Museum Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01091.x · Cited by 12
Fritz, H. E. (1985) · Western Historical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/969658 · Cited by 8
Hauptman, L. M., & Meyer, M. L. (1995) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2082316 · Cited by 6
Negotiating nagpra: REDISCOVERING THE HUMAN SIDE OF SCIENCE
Bradley, J. W. (2018) · Glory, Trouble, and Renaissance at the Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology · doi:10.2307/j.ctt20wf34q.14 · Cited by 5
The American Indian in the United States, 1850-1914
Libby, O. G., & Moorehead, W. K. (1915) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1887075 · Cited by 4
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- Bacon Anabel, 2009, Andover Bulletin, 102
- Seidemann Ryan. 2008. “Altered Meanings: The Department of the Interior’s Rewriting of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act to Regulate Culturally Unidentifiable Human Remains.” Accessed July 1, 2021. https://www.academia.edu/30027274/Altered_Meanings_The_Department_of_the_Interior_s_Rewriting_of_the_Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act_to_Regulate_Culturally_Unidentifiable_Human_Remains.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wheeler, R., Arsenault, J., & Taylor, M.
- Affiliations
- Phillips Academy (US)
- White Earth Nation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wheeler, Ryan
- ORCID
- Wheeler, Ryan
- Venue
- Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-17
- ISSN
- 1550-1906 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4214822291
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Collections A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural Identity and Heritage
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
- Keywords
- NAGPRA, free, prior and informed consent, repatriation, museum ethics
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