The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Applying Thematic Analysis to Education: A Hybrid Approach to Interpreting Data in Practitioner Research
Open accessAbstract
Thematic analysis (TA), as a qualitative analytic method, is widely used in health care, psychology, and beyond. However, scant details are often given to demonstrate the process of data analysis, especially in the field of education. This article describes how a hybrid approach of TA was applied to interpret multiple data sources in a practitioner inquiry. Particular attention is given to the inductive and deductive coding and theme development process of TA. Underpinned by the constructivist epistemology, codes were driven by both data per se and theories, through a “bottom-up” and “top-down” approach to identify themes. A detailed example of six steps of data analysis is presented, which evidences the systematic analysis of raw data from observation and research journals, students’ focus groups, and a classroom teacher’s semistructured interviews. This example demonstrates how classroom practice was unpacked and how insiders’ insights were interpreted through the theoretical lens while also allowing the participants to express themselves. By providing step-by-step guidelines in data coding and identification of themes, this article contributes to informing qualitative researchers, especially teacher-researchers who undertake their research in the classroom setting.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 · Cited by 45,787
How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x05279903 · Cited by 20,808 · cited 3×
“Based upon a set of codes, definitions, examples, and “when to use” and “when not to used” sections, a codebook can be developed as a guide to help analyze data (Guest et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialReflecting on reflexive thematic analysis
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019) · Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2019.1628806 · Cited by 19,677 · cited 5×
“In “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology,” Braun and Clarke (2006) delineate a straightforward, step-bystep approach to conducting TA and now is referred to as reflexive TA (Braun & Clarke, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialResearch Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Sloane-Seale, A. (2009) · Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education · doi:10.21225/d54s3d · Cited by 14,328
S., N. L. (2017) · doi:10.1177/1609406917733847 · Cited by 14,051 · cited 1×
“…made to detail a step-by-step guide to apply TA to practice in psychology, nursing, and sport and exercise research (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Braun et al., 2019; Braun et al., 2017; Clarke & Braun, 2014; Fereday & Muir-Cochrane, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017), there is a paucity of description…”
Method(1998) · Cited by 13,501
Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940690600500107 · Cited by 11,829 · cited 4×
“In addition to detailing the steps of conducting TA as other practical examples have undertaken (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Fereday & Muir-Cochrane, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017), this article has its strength in outlining multiple data collection tools and their associated analytical processes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential(2017) · Cited by 9,643
Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013) · Nursing & Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12048 · Cited by 8,327 · cited 5×
“It seems confusing for researchers to distinguish and choose between TA and content analysis, considering many similarities between the approaches and the least thoughtful discussion in the literature (Vaismoradi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Fair Go Team, 2006, School is for me: Pathways to student engagement
- New South Wales Department of Education and Training, 2003, Quality teaching in NSW public schools
- Roberts K., 2019, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19, 1
- Saldana J., 2016, The coding manual for qualitative researchers
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 630
Seeing life through life: Unpacking life education in intergenerational learning in China
Cheng, H. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03551-y · Cited by 2
“Thematic coding, including deductive and inductive coding, was utilized in the data analysis (Xu & Zammit, 2020), which aimed to answer the two research questions.”
Morgan, H. J. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4030083 · Cited by 2
Bedeker, M., & Kerimkulova, S. I. (2024) · Pedagogy Culture and Society · doi:10.1080/14681366.2024.2405819 · Cited by 2
“We used a hybrid coding strategy that combined deductive and inductive coding approaches to ensure the reliability and validity of our results (Xu and Zammit 2020).”
Cheng, H., & Lyu, K. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241284567 · Cited by 2
“Data analysis, therefore, is a systematic process through which researchers arrange and combine interview data based on specific logic to portray a comprehensive image of the research objects (Mezmir, 2020; Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Enter stage right: best practices in narrative staging of authenticity in literary tourism
Bargenda, A. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2427775 · Cited by 2
“The context-specific data set was subsequently codified to synthesise the complex textual data and transform it into a larger conceptual model (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Liebenberg et al., 2020; Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Calderón, R. G., & Maestripieri, L. (2024) · Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.1017/s0143814x24000230 · Cited by 2
Amador, T. K., Mancuso, R. A., Fulton, S. P., Moore, E. L., & Likarish, D. M. (2024) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72559-3_18 · Cited by 3
Carradore, M., Gosetti, G., & Lonardi, C. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.108117 · Cited by 2
Özalp, A. (2025) · Eskiyeni (Online)/Eskiyeni · doi:10.37697/eskiyeni.1565742 · Cited by 2
Students’ experiences of investigative school science research projects
Lodge, W., Reiss, M. J., & Sheldrake, R. (2025) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2025.2487760 · Cited by 2
“…actual text it is analysing, and our ‘codes’ (sometimes referred to as ‘categories’ in qualitative content analysis) began with the existing literature and our theoretical emphasis on identity and experience but were then modified as a result of the interview transcripts (cf. Xu and Zammit 2020).”
Examining teachers’ navigation of their professional identities in flexible learning spaces
Mantei, J., & Kervin, L. K. (2025) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2025.2482963 · Cited by 2
“Using two tiered thematic analyses (Xu & Zammit, 2020) of semi structured inter-views, classroom observations and artefacts, the data were initially analysed inductively within Gee (2000, 2011) theoretical frame of teacher identity and the researchers’ knowledge of the field (Hong & Francis, 2020;…”
Osei‐Tutu, A. A. Z., Awoniyi, F. C., & Kuwornu, A. A. (2025) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70060 · Cited by 2
Anhuamán, F. E. G., León, V. O. V., del Real, L. F. C., et al. (2025) · Revista Latina de Comunicación Social · doi:10.4185/rlcs-2025-2432 · Cited by 2
Exley, B., Bradfield, K. Z., & Heinrichs, D. H. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15060755 · Cited by 2
Halim, A., Atikah, D., Rezki, A., et al. (2022) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v7i8.10754 · Cited by 2
“[9] W. Xu and K. Zammit, “Applying thematic analysis to education: A hybrid approach to interpreting data in practitioner research,” Int.”
MethodCabedo–Mas, A., Joseph, D., Mellizo, J. M., et al. (2023) · Revista Electrónica de LEEME · doi:10.7203/leeme.0.27371 · Cited by 2
Zhilmagambetova, R., Mubarakov, A., & Alimagambetova, A. (2022) · Scientific Journal of Astana IT University · doi:10.37943/hojh1901 · Cited by 2
“It is known that the typical task of data analysis in pedagogical research [19] is to establish coincidences or differences in the characteristics of the experimental and control groups.”
BackgroundInvestigating children’s affective geographies of Chinese language and culture education
Xu, W. J., Stahl, G., & Yang, X. (2022) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2022.2132379 · Cited by 2
“The data were coded manually using an inductive approach (Xu and Zammit 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationCash Flow Management Challenges Faced by Small Family-Owned Businesses in Zimbabwe
Dzingirai, M., & Ndava, R. (2022) · Binus Business Review · doi:10.21512/bbr.v13i3.8531 · Cited by 2
“More interestingly, FGDs complement the interviews since FGDs are considered an extension of interview methods (Gundumogula, 2020; Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
MethodIncarcerated Loved Ones: Building a Community to Support and Advocate on Facebook
Tadros, E., Presley, S., & Gomez, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054002 · Cited by 3
“To compare and combine notes, modify differences [22,23], and become practical with laws and regulations, authors created a log or codebook.”
Leveraging technology for animal anatomy practicals
Krishnasamy, S., & Narayan, E. J. (2023) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2023.2209028 · Cited by 2
“The thematic analysis process followed the 6-step approach illustrated by Xu and Zammit (2020): (1) data familiarization, (2) initial code generation, (3) theme search, (4) thematic review, (5) theme definition, and (6) report production.”
MethodWidening Access to Higher Education through Degree-level Apprenticeships in Software Engineering
Barr, M., Andrei, O., & Kallia, M. (2023) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie58773.2023.10343199 · Cited by 2
“Following published precedent [14], [15], a hybrid approach to analysis was intended; however, following inductive analysis of the interview data by two of the three authors, no significant additional themes were identified.”
MethodImproving Computing Education through a Holistic Learning Framework: A Focus Group Study
Modi, B. A., Cain, A., Wood-Bradley, G., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale56641.2023.10398342 · Cited by 2
“According to Xu and Zammit [26], the six-step approach to the thematic analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke [27] in the field of psychology can also be employed by educational researchers.”
MethodStone, C., Albrechtsen, C. J., & Boyce, A. S. (2024) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/13563890241246006 · Cited by 2
“The interview transcripts were coded both inductively and deductively to support a more comprehensive examination of the data by keeping the context intact (Xu and Zammit, 2020).”
van den Aker, E., & Rahimi, E. (2024) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET) · doi:10.1145/3639474.3640051 · Cited by 3
“For analyzing the transcriptions, a process based on thematic analysis as described by [66] was followed.”
MethodTrevena, L. J., Mac, O. A., Muscat, D. M., Bakhit, M., Shepherd, H. L., Dimopoulos-Bick, T. L., Osten, R., Hoffmann, T., & Thompson, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-493777/v1 · Cited by 2
Murphy, T. H., Vaughn, G., Carpenter, R. E., McKinney, B., & McWhorter, R. R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5362276/v1 · Cited by 2
A Thematic Framework for Human-AI Co-creative Writing: Writers' Experiences of the ProcessPreprint
Hansen, I. B., & Rafner, J. F. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/fgqcz_v1 · Cited by 3
Xu, W. J. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02858-0 · Cited by 1
“When codes from the two data sets were clustered and connected, themes were discovered (Xu and Zammit, 2020).”
Self-citationArrosyidah, H. J., Munir, A., & Mustofa, A. (2024) · IJORER International Journal of Recent Educational Research · doi:10.46245/ijorer.v5i3.593 · Cited by 1
“Theoretically, the analysis process applied thematic analysis, including collecting the data, selecting the relevant data, classifying the theme, reviewing the data, defining the data, and reporting the result (Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
MethodMoran, M. I., & Hussein, R. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--48151 · Cited by 1
Cheng, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1384527 · Cited by 1
“The interview data were analyzed using thematic coding (63, 64).”
MethodResearch on English Online Teaching Model Based on Association Rules Driven by Big Data
Li, Z. (2024) · International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129156425400178 · Cited by 1
Mukherjee, S., & Ray, S. (2024) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/13634607241305111 · Cited by 1
“Thematic analysis, as a method of analysing qualitative data, identi fi es and reports patterns in a data set, which are then interpreted for their inherent meaning (Braun and Clarke, 2006; Liebenberg et al., 2020; Naeem et al., 2023; Xu and Zammit, 2020).”
Bowdler, S., Nielsen, W., Georgiou, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16661 · Cited by 1
Design-Durability: Insights from Product Case Analyses
Jetti, R., & Dhar, D. (2024) · Archives of Design Research · doi:10.15187/adr.2024.11.37.5.131 · Cited by 2
“Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Leinonen, L., Kaittila, A., Alin, M., Vornanen, R., & Anis, M. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13251 · Cited by 7
Carcausto-Calla, W. H., Leyva, M. P. C., Robles, N. E. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.36941/jesr-2025-0024 · Cited by 1
“In the qualitative phase, at the end of the educational intervention, 14 students from the experimental group were interviewed (Braun & Clarke, 2019; Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Onthong, B., & Wiboolyasarin, W. (2025) · Interactive Technology and Smart Education · doi:10.1108/itse-09-2024-0235 · Cited by 3
‘What’s in a name?’ Retrieval practice in the primary classroom: a case study
Bates, G. (2025) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2025.2504492 · Cited by 1
Gender Equality in HASS Workplaces: Do Leaders have the Gender Competence for Change?
Sidelil, L. T., Lemma, H. M., Barnacle, R., et al. (2025) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-025-09361-z · Cited by 1
“This article draws on a hybrid thematic data analysis technique (Proudfoot, 2023; Xu & Zammit, 2020) using both deductive and inductive thematic analysis technique.”
Educators’ Preparedness to Engage in Practices That Support Equity, Inclusion, and Social Justice
Osei‐Tutu, A. A. Z. (2025) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76485-1_48 · Cited by 1
Yang, S., & Ward, N. A. (2025) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2025.2522456 · Cited by 1
“For the qualitative data in research questions one to three, we employed a hybrid thematic analysis to disambiguate the collected data where emerging themes become the categories for analysis (Clarke & Braun, 2017; Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Dankoor, K., Stephens, D., & Bogt, T. T. T. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08039-9
“A rigorous hybrid method, combining deductive and inductive approaches to coding, was employed for thematic analysis (Xu & Zammit, 2020), allowing themes–patterns of meaning– to develop from the raw data (Clarke & Braun, 2017).”
Cheng, H. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05421-7 · Cited by 1
“Thematic coding, mainly deductive and inductive, was used in the data analysis process (Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Ventura, F. I. Q. S., Steven, A., Wolfensberger, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70065 · Cited by 1
Mullick, J., Wang, Q., Vlcek, S., & Sikder, S. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102705 · Cited by 9
Merrick, B., & Joseph, D. (2023) · Journal of Music Technology and Education · doi:10.1386/jmte_00067_1 · Cited by 1
Sulvinajayanti, Ramli, R., & Wahyuddin, W. (2025) · INJECT (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication) · doi:10.18326/inject.v10i2.4768 · Cited by 1
Kularbphettong, K., Raksuntorn, N., Roonrakwit, P., & Boonseng, C. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94943-2_17 · Cited by 1
Tran, T.-A., Mattap, S. M., Warren, N., Chandrarao, J., Đức, D. M., Minh, H. V., Yasin, S., & Mohan, D. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2543057 · Cited by 1
“TA involves the identification and reporting of patterns in a dataset, which are then interpreted for their inherent meanings [39–41].”
Biberman-Shalev, L. (2025) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2025.2541752 · Cited by 1
Misas, J. D. P., Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2025) · TransNav the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation · doi:10.12716/1001.19.02.35 · Cited by 1
“This allowed us to identify and organise patterns in content and meaning [84, 85].”
Azman, A., Simatupang, W., Karudin, A., & Adri, J. (2025) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt20251920 · Cited by 1
Google translate’s ASR for Vietnamese tone pronunciation: an exploratory study with Thai students
Nguyen, T. H., Jumlongnark, W., & Cao, T. D. (2025) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2025.2567254 · Cited by 1
Transforming postgraduate discourse studies through AI-enhanced Corpus-Based Language Pedagogy
Yeh, A. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2569340 · Cited by 1
Schumann, A., Vatne, T. M., Dalton, L. J., Rapa, E., & Fjermestad, K. W. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01263-5 · Cited by 2
“The combination of inductive and deductive analysis is described and used in qualitative research across academic fields [41, 42].”
Cody, R. A., Little, C. A., Gubbins, E. J., Siegle, D., Butts, J. L., Cormier, K., & McDonald, S. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x251387414 · Cited by 1
“We also used three codebooks to integrate deductive and inductive coding (Xu & Zammit, 2020) throughout the data analysis process.”
Teachers' Motivation in Implementing Education for Sustainable Development in Vietnam
Nguyen, T. P., Blacker, M. D., Kieu, K. T., Nguyen, B. T., Hoang, T. T., Khanh, L., & Hường, N. T. C. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70283 · Cited by 3
Niven, K., Seymour-Smith, S., Buglass, S. L., & Prikrylova, E. (2025) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-025-00333-1 · Cited by 1
“In RTA, the active role of the researcher is the central feature of the interpretation of the data and construction of meanings (Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Wang, Z., & Zin, Z. M. (2025) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2025.2587823 · Cited by 1
“The coding process in NVivo used a bottom-up and top-down approach (Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Thar, S. (2025) · Diaspora Indigenous and Minority Education · doi:10.1080/15595692.2025.2592537 · Cited by 1
Teaching behind the Screen: Emotional Labor of Iranian Language Teachers in Online Classes
Boroughani, T., Rivera, H. H., & Xodabande, I. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-2569-0_8 · Cited by 3
Co-creating competency-based business curriculum to embed industry-prioritized soft skills
Mahalingam, T. V., & Webb, H. C. (2026) · Industry and Higher Education · doi:10.1177/09504222261417857 · Cited by 1
Wang, X., Husu, J., & Toom, A. (2026) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2026.105408 · Cited by 1
Cheng, H. (2026) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2026.2622409 · Cited by 1
Diamantis, D. V., Dalma, A., Balta, M., Karnaki, P., Katsas, K., Kandyliari, A., Pantazopoulou, A., Stefas, G., Kelemenis, P., Ikmpal, E., et al. (2026) · NEW SOLUTIONS A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy · doi:10.1177/10482911261419468 · Cited by 1
“18,19,26 Focus group discussions (FGDs) were considered the most appropriate method to explore the perceptions of MUCs and their suggestions concerning health and safety in their workplace, as they involve participants and utilize group interaction to generate data.”
Cheng, H. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106388 · Cited by 1
Çolak, M. K., & RAZI, S. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.70137 · Cited by 2
Thematic Analysis of Quality Assurance Tools in Higher Education Institutions
George, G. K., Ramakrishnan, N., Kurien, G. P., & Nair, S. V. R. (2025) · Africa Education Review · doi:10.1080/18146627.2025.2591170 · Cited by 1
Yu, A., Luo, Y., Bahrampour, M., Norman, R., Street, D. J., Viney, R. C., Devlin, N. J., & Mulhern, B. J. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119193 · Cited by 1
Designing a curriculum for AI prompting strategy for business decision‐makers—A qualitative approach
Mulgund, P., Singh, R. K., Venkatesan, S., Thimmanayakanapalya, S. S., & Venkatesan, S. (2026) · Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education · doi:10.1111/dsji.70020 · Cited by 1
Nikritin, D., Shaked, H., Avidov‐Ungar, O., Livneh, I., & Grinshtain, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1747387 · Cited by 1
Productive Discussion Moves in Groups Addressing Controversial Issues
Kim, K., Lee, J.-H., Sung-Eun, K. I. M., & So, H. (2026) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3785022.3785111 · Cited by 1
Sibtain, M. M., Hashim, M., & Basit, A. (2026) · Journal of the Textile Institute · doi:10.1080/00405000.2026.2668154 · Cited by 1
“It is a widely used method of qualitative data analysis that identifies and specifies common trends within a sample (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Liebenberg et al., 2020; Xu & Zammit, 2020).”
Craft-based activities in early childhood Gamilaraay language reclamation
Smith, H. A., Houldsworth, R., Holland, R., & Orchard, C. (2026) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/aral.25059.smi · Cited by 1
Computational tools as tangible support for social learning
Christensen, I. F. (2026) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2026.101016 · Cited by 1
Demystifying the policy-practice gap in Tanzania educational change landscape
Majani, W. P. (2026) · African Identities · doi:10.1080/14725843.2026.2653772 · Cited by 1
Leng, H., & Zhang, T. A. (2026) · Land · doi:10.3390/land15060930 · Cited by 1
Das, S., Fearon, D., & Grant, L. (2026) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-026-01681-y · Cited by 1
Yusoff, S. M., Marzaini, A. F. M., Zynuddin, S. N., Jusoh, A. M. M., Basal, M. H., Alias, N. R., & Saad, N. (2026) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-026-02251-7 · Cited by 2
“Such an approach has helped achieve a balance between synthesising diverse types of evidence and differentiating between direct and indirect evidence in the context of IRE and educational AI ethics [17, 42].”
A MODEL OF AUTHENTIC TEACHING MATERIALS FOR GENERAL ENGLISH SUBJECT
Yulian, R., Yuniarti, Y., & Yuniarti, Y. (2020) · Journal of English Educational Study (JEES) · doi:10.31932/jees.v3i2.791 · Cited by 1
“The analysis of data interview used the thematic analysis both inductive and deductive coding approach by Xu & Zammit (2020) starting from initializing codes, developing codes, and searching for themes.”
MethodHunter, J. (2022) · Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion · doi:10.1558/jcsr.22411 · Cited by 1
Social Networking Site Usage of Middle-Aged and Older Deaf Adults
Paglieri, T. A., Schooler, D. E., & Pezzarossi, C. K. (2023) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enad003 · Cited by 1
Principal Management in Increasing the Quality of Education in the Society 5.0 Era
Alif, K. P., Nabila, S. P., & Ahmad, M. (2022) · Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review · doi:10.23887/ijerr.v5i3.56423 · Cited by 1
Culture Stereotypes and Its Impact in Shaping Public Opinion in the 21st Century
Suresh, B., & Floranza, J. M. (2022) · Technoarete Transactions on Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities · doi:10.36647/ttassh/02.03.a004 · Cited by 1
Integrating Computational Thinking in Humanistic Subjects in Higher Education
Christensen, I. F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17727-4_180-2 · Cited by 1
Koswara, A., Nugraha, A. R., & Damayanti, T. (2023) · PRofesi Humas · doi:10.24198/prh.v8i1.48565 · Cited by 1
Model Pembelajaran dan Tingkat Kecerdasan Anak (Studi Pembelajaran Tahfidz di MI Al-Kautsar)
Kalsum, U. (2023) · Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management · doi:10.21154/sajiem.v4i1.151 · Cited by 1
Wibowo, A., Suwarto, S., Lestari, E., et al. (2024) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1292/1/012030 · Cited by 1
Qomariyah, C., & Yulia, N. K. T. (2023) · ThufuLA Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Guru Raudhatul Athfal · doi:10.21043/thufula.v11i2.21224 · Cited by 1
Examining Front-Line Administrative Services in a Selected Public Higher Education Institution
Luthuli, M., Nkomo, N., & Moyane, S. P. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14040422 · Cited by 6
“This study adhered to the same process and steps outlined in the literature for qualitative data analysis [101,102,104].”
A caring approach to the first-year university student experience
Leonard, J., Mylonas, A., Parker, P., & Wood, R. (2024) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/q1k5wx84 · Cited by 5
ADJUDICATION OF MUSIC PERFORMANCES IN THREE SELECTED MUNICIPALITY/ DISTRICT IN GHANA
Arko-Mensah, A. (2024) · International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science · doi:10.54922/ijehss.2024.0657 · Cited by 1
McCain, S.-L. C., Lolli, J., & Liu, E. (2024) · Journal of Applied Marketing Theory · doi:10.20429/jamt.2024.110104
Koutsiouri, S., & Sarakinioti, A. (2024) · International Studies in Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/09620214.2024.2370474 · Cited by 1
“The analysis of the empirical materials and the interpretation of the findings was conducted through a thematic analysis (Xu & Zammit, 2020), that draws on Bernstein (1990, 2000) conceptual framework to construct analytical categories.”
Reflections on belonging and a law student pledge
Murray, K., Tubridy, K., Littrich, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.19.4.13 · Cited by 1
Qualitative Methodology Selection
Asrifan, A., Pratiwi, W. R., Bahri, A., Jabu, B., Rossydi, A., & Mulyadi, M. (2024) · Advances in library and information science (ALIS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3069-2.ch002 · Cited by 1
Career adaptability as an instructional scaffold for career education in South African schools
Algra, M., & Olivier, H. (2024) · African Journal of Career Development · doi:10.4102/ajcd.v6i1.123 · Cited by 1
Cuéllar, C., Horn, A., González, Á., et al. (2024) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2024.2441836 · Cited by 1
“Thematic analysis refers to the recognition of patterns within the data, which lead to the identification of emerging themes and the development of categories for analysis based on the conceptual frame of reference and/or research questions (Xu and Zammit 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, W., & Zammit, K.
- Affiliations
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Wen
- Venue
- International Journal of Qualitative Methods
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-01-01
- Volume
- 19
- ISSN
- 1609-4069 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3017081314
- Semantic Scholar
- ef33d721af2df64450ea917acadf108460bfc0de
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 87.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Qualitative Methods (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Analysis
- Keywords
- thematic analysis, practitioner research, teacher research, theme development, constructivist epistemology, teaching practice, multi-source data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
