The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Distributed Leadership: Friend or Foe?
Abstract
Distributed leadership is now widely known and variously enacted in schools and school systems. Distributed leadership implies a fundamental re-conceptualisation of leadership as practice and challenges conventional wisdom about the relationship between formal leadership and organisational performance. There has been much debate, speculation and discussion about its positive and negative aspects. This article considers the evidence. It examines the facts concerning distributed leadership. It does not claim to be a systematic review of the literature but rather draws upon the available empirical evidence to highlight what we know. The article considers the implications, arising from the evidence for those in formal leadership positions. It concludes by reflecting upon the role of the formal leader within distributed leadership and outlines some of the challenges and tensions associated with distributed leadership practice.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Leading in a Culture of Change
Fullan, M. J. (2001) · Cited by 3,489
Towards a theory of leadership practice: a distributed perspective
SPILLANE, J. P., HALVERSON, R., & DIAMOND, J. B. (2004) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/0022027032000106726 · Cited by 1,805
Investigating School Leadership Practice: A Distributed Perspective
Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J. B. (2001) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x030003023 · Cited by 1,690
Spillane, J. P. (2005) · The Educational Forum · doi:10.1080/00131720508984678 · Cited by 1,673
Distributed leadership: according to the evidence
Harris, A. (2008) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/09578230810863253 · Cited by 671
Self-citationCollective Leadership Effects on Student Achievement
Leithwood, K., & Mascall, B. (2008) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x08321221 · Cited by 628
Improving Schools Through Teacher Leadership
Harris, A., & Muijs, D. (2004) · Cited by 509
Self-citationDistributing Leadership to Make Schools Smarter: Taking the Ego Out of the System
Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., Strauss, T., Sacks, R., Memon, N., & Yashkina, A. (2007) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700760601091267 · Cited by 485
Journal of Management Development
(2006) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd.2006.02625haa.001 · Cited by 366
Making Sense of Distributed Leadership: Exploring the Multiple Usages of the Concept in the Field
Mayrowetz, D. (2008) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x07309480 · Cited by 329
Cited by
Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited
Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020) · School Leadership & Management · doi:10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077 · Cited by 1,683
Self-citationFennell, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s329628 · Cited by 33
Transforming educational leadership in higher education with innovative administrative strategies
University of Zululand, Mpuangnan, K. N., Roboji, Z., & Walter Sisulu University (2024) · International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies · doi:10.53378/353054 · Cited by 18
Johnson, I., Bickle, E., & Kantcheva, R. (2025) · Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education · doi:10.47408/jldhe.vi33.1216 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Harris, A.
- Venue
- Educational Management Administration & Leadership
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 545-554
- ISSN
- 1741-1432 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-1440
- OpenAlex
- W2137614636
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 33
- FWCI
- 79.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Distributed Leadership: Friend or Foe? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1741143213497635
- The paper
- Harris, A. (2013). Distributed Leadership: Friend or Foe? Educational Management Administration & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143213497635
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.