Cited by 237Stress Responses and CortisolMemory and Neural MechanismsChild Abuse and Trauma

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The Brain on Stress: Toward an Integrative Approach to Brain, Body, and Behavior

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McEwen, Bruce S.·2013·Perspectives on Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/1745691613506907PMC PMC4159187

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Abstract

The discovery of stress-hormone receptors in the hippocampal formation has fostered research showing that the brain, including its higher cognitive centers, is the key organ of the response to stressors, in terms of both perception of what is stressful and its ability to determine the consequences of stress for brain and body via the neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, and metabolic systems. These systems, in turn, are responsible for either successful adaptation or pathophysiology as a result of the cumulative burden of adaptation to stress and maladaptive lifestyle, which is known as “allostatic load.” The brain itself is also a target of stress and stress-related hormones, and it undergoes structural and functional remodeling and significant changes in gene expression. These changes are adaptive under normal circumstances but can lead to damage when stress is excessive. The growing recognition of the adaptive plasticity and stress vulnerability of the brain itself, which began with research on the hippocampus, now includes other brain regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex and fear-related memories, working memory, and self-regulatory behaviors. The interactions between these brain regions during the biological embedding of experiences over the life course determines whether events in the social and physical environment will lead to successful adaptation or to maladaptation and impaired mental and physical health, with implications for understanding health disparities and the impact of early life adversity and for intervention and prevention strategies.

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Authors: McEwen, B. S.
Affiliations: Rockefeller University (US)
Corresponding author: McEwen, Bruce S.
ORCID: McEwen, Bruce S.
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2013-11
Volume: 8
Issue: 6
Pages: 673-675
ISSN: 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
1745-6924
DOI: 10.1177/1745691613506907
PMC: PMC4159187
OpenAlex: W2047200192
Cited by: 237
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 5.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH041256)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: stress, stress hormones, hippocampus, allostatic load, neuroplasticity, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, fear memory, working memory, self-regulation, biological embedding, childhood adversity, health disparities, neuroendocrine system, autonomic systems, immune system, metabolic systems, maladaptive stress response

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