The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 86 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Reexamining Social Media and Socioemotional Well-Being Among Adolescents Through the Lens of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Theoretical Review and Directions for Future Research
Open accessAbstract
Social media has rapidly transformed the ways in which adolescents socialize and interact with the world, which has contributed to ongoing public debate about whether social media is helping or harming adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified both the challenges and opportunities of adolescents’ social-media use, which necessitates revisiting the conversation around teens and social media. In this article, we discuss key aspects of adolescent social-media use and socioemotional well-being and outline how these issues may be amplified in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We use this as a springboard to outline key future research directions for the field, with the goal of moving away from reductionist approaches and toward a more nuanced perspective to understand the who, what, and when of social-media use and its impact on adolescent well-being. We conclude with a commentary on how psychological science can inform the translation of research to provide evidence-based recommendations for adolescent social-media use.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This theoretical review argues that COVID-19 magnified existing challenges and opportunities of adolescent social media use, requiring a move beyond reductionist “helpful or harmful” questions. It outlines future research directions around the who, what, when, and how of social media use to make psychological science more nuanced and applicable for teens, families, and providers.
Key findings
- The review organizes adolescent social media and socioemotional well-being into four domains—social connection, peer influence and risky behaviors, self-presentation and self-expression, and social stressors and mental health—and argues COVID-19 amplified both benefits (connection, support, identity exploration) and risks (misinformation, FoMO, appearance comparison, cybervictimization).
- It argues overall “screen time” is less informative than specific online behaviors and affordances; prior findings are mixed, with some studies showing significant but small associations between social media time and depression, anxiety, sleep problems, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and health-risk behaviors, others finding no associations, and some finding positive effects when social media facilitates direct social interaction.
- It highlights individual and systemic differences: effects may be particularly pronounced for adolescent girls, and racial/ethnic minority adolescents face disproportionate COVID-19 burden—e.g., in the U.S., Black, Latinx, and Indigenous individuals were two to four times more likely to be hospitalized due to COVID-19 than White communities as of December 2020.
- Future research should examine who is affected, what content/functions/meanings are involved, when use occurs at micro and developmental levels, and how to study these questions with theory-driven, multi-method, diverse, and open-science approaches.
Methods
- Design: theoretical review and future research agenda, not an empirical study; it uses developmental and media-effects frameworks to discuss how COVID-19 magnified social media risks and opportunities.
- Data or sample: no original sample; it draws on cited literature and public reports about adolescents, generally defined as roughly ages 10–18 in the U.S. and many other nations.
- Main analysis: narrative synthesis across four socioemotional well-being domains, followed by proposed research directions organized around who, what, when, and how.
Limitations
- Stated: a full review of COVID-19 effects across all individual and system domains is beyond scope; the field has mostly relied on cross-sectional methods and self-report measures, limiting causal and directly applicable conclusions; and COVID-19 effects on adolescent social media use and psychosocial outcomes have not yet been rigorously tested.
- Evident: as a theoretical review, it presents no new empirical data or effect sizes; many claims are framed as possibilities or hypotheses, and the cited evidence is mixed and rapidly evolving.
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Claims the paper makes
68 Not checked yet · 65 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
In the paper
“Pubertal hormones, patterns of brain development, and social changes influence social information processing and teens become particularly sensitive to peer feedback (including both reward and rejection), status, and connection (Kilford et al., 2016; Schriber & Guyer, 2016).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kilford et al., 2016; Schriber & Guyer, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted teens’ social environment and normative socioemotional developmental tasks in profound ways.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prior research examining the effects of social media use on adolescent well-being has often collapsed across these various sites, tools, and activities, typically estimating associations between overall “screen time” and well-being. Not surprisingly, findings have been mixed (Odgers & Jensen, 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Odgers & Jensen, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This mindset is particularly dangerous in the context of COVID-19, as it may lead to teens’ perception that COVID-19 transmission will not affect them (Ellis et al., 2020) or that symptoms may be relatively minor if infected.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellis et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, negative interactions, events, or sensitivities with peers (e.g., conflict, rejection, bullying, social comparison) confer heightened risk for internalizing symptoms (Hamilton et al., 2015).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hamilton et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Understandably, many adolescents around the world are turning to social media to stay socially connected with their peers and the world at large, while physically distant (Common Sense Media, 2020; Ellis et al., 2020; Munasinghe et al., 2020)”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Common Sense Media, 2020; Ellis et al., 2020; Munasinghe et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Put simply, teens are now forced to remain physically isolated with their families during the developmental period when they are biologically and psychologically driven to be with peers (Schriber & Guyer, 2016).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schriber & Guyer, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adolescence also is a stage in which youth are highly attuned to peer status (e.g., the level of popularity of themselves and their peers) and peer norms (e.g., the behaviors and attitudes of peers), which makes them more susceptible to peer influence (Brechwald & Prinstein, 2011).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brechwald & Prinstein, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While children and adults of all ages may be experiencing feelings of loneliness during this time of physical distancing (Groarke et al., 2020), the effects of being isolated from peers may be especially pronounced for teens (Laursen & Hartl, 2013).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laursen & Hartl, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The inability to see one’s peers in school and other in-person contexts presents a developmental mismatch that is likely to affect adolescents’ mood and overall socioemotional well-being (Orben et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Orben et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 53
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified both the challenges of and opportunities of adolescents’ social media use, which necessitates a revisiting of the conversation around teens and social media.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescence also is the developmental period in which teens are exposed to more interpersonal stress (Hamilton et al., 2015), experience more emotional intensity and dysregulation (Guyer et al., 2016), and are at heightened risk for first onset and worsening of nearly all mental health problems (Kessler et al., 2005; Patton & Viner, 2007)”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hamilton et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2005; Patton & Viner, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adolescence is a time of significant and rapid biological, social, and psychological changes, which is characterized by identity exploration, increasing autonomy from parents and reliance on peers, heightened sensation-seeking and risk-taking, and the initiation of romantic and sexual relationships (Dahl et al., 2018).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dahl et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we argue that the field must move toward research on social media that is both nuanced and applicable. In this review, we discuss the importance of moving away from reductionist approaches that see social media as merely “helpful or harmful” and instead, consider the nuances of for whom, in what ways, and when social media use impacts adolescent well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“In general, peer relationships take on paramount importance during adolescence, and adolescence is often referred to as a period of “social reorientation” (Nelson et al., 2005).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than ever before, the COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical distancing measures have revealed the necessity of changing the conversation around teens and social media use, shifting toward a more balanced understanding of risks and benefits that directly informs guidelines for parents and teens.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Social media has rapidly transformed the ways in which adolescents interact with one another, sparking intense scholarly and public debate around its potential impact on teens’ socioemotional well-being and mental health.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shapiro & Margolin, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, compared to face-to-face conversations, social media tends to be more public, allowing for simultaneous interactions with many people at once. It also tends to be more “quantifiable”: the things individuals do online are often characterized by numbers of likes, followers, and views, and social media tends to involve fewer “interpersonal cues,” including tone of voice, facial”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd, 2011; Moreno & Uhls, 2019; Nesi et al., 2018a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For many youth around the globe, schools have been closed (Lee, 2020), extracurricular activities and milestones (e.g., graduation, dances, sporting events) have been canceled, and peer socializing has been limited for families and states who are adhering to policy recommendations and mandates.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Social media has become central to the social context of adolescence, and COVID-19 has only magnified this reality. Over the past 15 years, the advent and rapid growth of social media has transformed the ways in which adolescents interact with peers and the world around them (Shapiro & Margolin, 2014).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shapiro & Margolin, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, many adolescents reported an increase in the use of digital technologies to communicate with family and friends (e.g., Common Sense Media, 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Common Sense Media, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While many studies have found significant, albeit small, associations between time on social media and higher levels of depression, anxiety, sleep problems, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and health-risk behaviors (Carter et al., 2016; Holland & Tiggemann, 2016; Twenge & Campbell, 2018; Vannucci et al., 2020)”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carter et al., 2016; Holland & Tiggemann, 2016; Twenge & Campbell, 2018; Vannucci et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Still others have found the opposite effect – that social media, particularly when used to facilitate direct social interactions with friends – can have a positive effect on teens’ well-being (Clarke et al., 2018; Hamilton et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2018; Hamilton et al., 2020
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adolescence also is the period in which many youth begin their first romantic relationships, with these relationships offering important opportunities for development of social skills (e.g., conflict negotiation, assertion of needs) and sexual identities (Collins, 2003; Savin-Williams & Cohen, 2015).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Collins, 2003; Savin-Williams & Cohen, 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further exacerbating this problem is that teens are indeed less susceptible to COVID-19 infection and account for a smaller proportion of severe cases and deaths than adults (Viner et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Viner et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As youth transition from childhood to adolescence, they spend increasing amounts of unsupervised time with peers (Lam et al., 2014).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lam et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“others have found no such associations for screen time and socioemotional well-being (Cohen et al., 2017; Jensen et al., 2019; Orben & Przybylski, 2019).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2017; Jensen et al., 2019; Orben & Przybylski, 2019
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Engaging in high-risk behavior is a normative part of adolescence (Steinberg, 2004), in part due to peer influence processes that provide adolescents with social rewards for risk-taking (Blakemore, 2018; Chein et al., 2011), and partially due to teens’ “personal fable” mindset: believing oneself to be uniquely invulnerable to risks (i.e., “this won’t happen to me”; Buis & Thompson, 1989).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Setting the Stage: Adolescent Development and Socioemotional Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Blakemore, 2018; Chein et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Buis & Thompson, 1989
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents may connect with peers in a variety of ways using social media, and in some ways, teens may be better equipped to maintain and explore new ways of social connection than other age groups given their status as “digital natives.””
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A consensus is now emerging that, perhaps, the sheer amount of time youth spend on social media is less important than the specific behaviors in which they engage online (Prinstein et al., 2020), yet gaps in knowledge remain.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Prinstein et al., 2020
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, passively browsing memes or TikTok videos may relieve boredom and provide entertainment, but, due to the lack of synchronous interaction and shared interpersonal cues, does not represent an intimate social interaction.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it also may promote social connection for peers with whom there is already a strong and stable connection (e.g., friends), and might weaken connections with classmates or more loosely-connected or tenuous peer relationships.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified these gaps, as more than ever before, the public needs clear, evidence-based guidelines for how to understand and navigate teens’ social media use.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Theoretical and empirical perspectives on adolescent social media use
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This may have the unintended effect of further cementing existing social circles or hindering the development of new friendships during a developmental period that is typically characterized by friendship transitions and changes (Poulin & Chan, 2015).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poulin & Chan, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meeting up with a friend or romantic partner on video chat, on the other hand, may more closely resemble an in-person interaction and provide stronger social connection.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although teens often connect on social media with peers in their existing social network, social restrictions and the temporary dissolution of school may present youth the opportunity to expand their networks to peers within their communities and more broadly.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This may be especially true among adolescent boys, compared to girls, who are more likely to play video and online games (Anderson & Jiang, 2018).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Connection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson & Jiang, 2018
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With the COVID-19 pandemic causing abrupt and prolonged social disruption for adolescents, many are turning to social media with increased frequency (Ellis et al., 2020; Munasinghe et al., 2020) and developing new ways of using social media to connect with their peers and the world.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellis et al., 2020; Munasinghe et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the content adolescents view on social media during this time may be related to the COVID-19 pandemic or the inequities that have been exposed.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As teens spend more time passively scrolling through social media to relieve boredom, they may come across a barrage of upsetting content, perhaps exacerbating anxieties, creating a sense of loneliness and helplessness, and negatively impacting mood.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distancing practices also may prevent teens from gaining in-person social support to cope with these emerging anxieties, and teens may have fewer distractions readily available.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, while these interactions may help teens feel supported and connected to peers, social media also may become an unanticipated source of chronic and acute stressors (Steele et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steele et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of this content may be scary, sad, or overwhelming.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, youth may be more likely to come across inappropriate or distressing content, depicting, for example, peers engaging in risky behaviors (Vannucci et al., 2020), visual displays of individual and systemic racism (Tynes et al., 2019), or even self-injurious behaviors (Marchant et al., 2019), which may contribute to the onset and worsening of mental health symptoms.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vannucci et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Tynes et al., 2019
- Not checked yetcites Marchant et al., 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, teens’ cognitive and affective states may influence social media use and teens’ online experiences, which may be exacerbated during COVID-19.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For some teens, the social threat and reward available on social media might be difficult to disengage from, or may contribute to psychological stress, particularly given adolescents’ ongoing cognitive development.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents have ongoing cognitive development that affects their ability to disengage from social media.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for some youth, physical distancing practices and increased time at home may reduce anxieties and stressors, such that youth may now have more agency in when and how they participate in social activities.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, however, it is possible that staying home may relieve the social or time pressures of in-person beauty or material standards for some youth, thereby having a positive impact on self-esteem and body image.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Self-Presentation and Self-Expression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Yet, youth are not only passive consumers of media, but actively seek and contribute to their social environments (Flynn & Rudolph, 2011), both online and offline (Subrahmanyam et al., 2006).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Flynn & Rudolph, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Subrahmanyam et al., 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, COVID-19 may heighten depressogenic and anxious thoughts and behaviors, which, in turn, may impact how and when teens use social media (Drouin et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drouin et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FoMO may be even more pronounced as parents vary in adherence and physical distancing practices, and it may be more challenging for teens whose peers are spending time together in person.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Parents vary in adherence to physical distancing practices.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In doing so, the pandemic has laid bare the limitations in our current understanding of how social media affects adolescent well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, teens who are immuno-compromised or have pre-existing medical conditions may be even more socially isolated and anxious about COVID-19 and re-opening practices.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the economic fallout of the pandemic disproportionately affects lower income families, these disparities may be further magnified in the wake of COVID-19 and for years to come.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these challenging times, it is possible that social media offers teens an opportunity to seek social support from online communities.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Further, a large body of work documents that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth are at heightened risk for mental health concerns, especially if they are rejected by their families or experience abuse (Choukas-Bradley & Thoma, In press).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Choukas-Bradley & Thoma, In press
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These concerns may be exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, when some LGBTQ teens are living in close quarters with families in high-conflict situations, and with no natural escape to school, work, or time with peers.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As teens spend more time on social media and experience more negative affective states, these youth may be more likely to seek out and react negatively to content, which may subsequently lead youth to encounter more of that content.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While social media may be beneficial for many teens, particularly during COVID-19, it may be a “lifeline” for teens who are isolated or who live in unsafe or unhealthy environments and are in need of social support.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the United States, individuals who are Black, Latinx, and Indigenous are two to four times more likely to be hospitalized due to COVID-19 than White communities (as of December 2020, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the pandemic has reshaped teens’ daily lives, so too has it reshaped their use of social media, magnifying existing challenges and opportunities of social media use, across multiple domains of social and emotional well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Media effects scholars have long recognized that media does not impact all youth in the same way, and that youth are active contributors in constructing their digital environments (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > Who: Individual differences in social media use and its effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Valkenburg & Peter, 2013
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As youth are using more social media (Common Sense Media, 2020; Ellis et al., 2020), teens may be more likely to be exposed to content or videos circulating on the internet that are discriminatory or that highlight violence and systemic racism, which may be a unique form of racial trauma that impacts mental health (Saleem et al., 2020; Tynes et al., 2019).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saleem et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Tynes et al., 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This may be particularly pronounced during COVID-19, which may prompt mental health and related fields to further improve online engagement with teens for mental health prevention and early intervention (Gruber et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gruber et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the need to rely on video tools for socialization may create new anxieties due to a lack of established social rules and comfort with these platforms, particularly for anxious teens, which will be important to explore among individuals across development.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These youth may thus rely even more heavily on social media to meet basic needs for social connection and autonomy, or, alternatively, have more limited access to social media as financial constraints impact smartphone and internet services.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, COVID-19 has not equally affected all adolescents and families, which highlights the systemic racism that has contributed to the disproportionate rates and effects of COVID-19 among racial and ethnic minorities in high-income or developed countries (Razai et al., 2021; Sze et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Razai et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Sze et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, LGBTQ adolescents may use social media to connect with friends and romantic partners, or with online-only LGBTQ support networks (Kuper & Mustanski, 2014).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuper & Mustanski, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, a meta-analytic review of studies from the United States and United Kingdom found that individuals of Black and Asian ethnicity are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection compared to White individuals (Sze et al., 2020).”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sze et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly, COVID-19 has intensified considerations involving the greater social and geopolitical context of adolescents’ lives such as families, communities, culture, laws, and policies (e.g., different rates of infection or local policies and enforcement of physical distancing during COVID-19), which may affect social media use and experiences.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media may provide these teens with a much-needed space to connect with similar peers and provide coping resources and support for teens navigating the complex emotions of fear, grief, loss, and trauma.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, teens’ anxious thoughts may make youth seek out, share, or be more affected by COVID-related news and information (Rogers et al., 2021), contributing to panic or general worries about what might happen or perpetuating misinformation on social media to their peer network.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Social Media Use and Adolescent Socioemotional Well-being in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond > Social Stressors and Mental Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rogers et al., 2021
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescents from economically disadvantaged households are more likely to experience negative effects from social media (George et al., 2020), and to engage in more unstructured and unsupervised screen time (Mascheroni & Ólafsson, 2014), particularly if parents work in essential fields.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites George et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Mascheroni & Ólafsson, 2014
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, however, social media may provide a much-needed sense of community and action, uniting youth across the world to use their voices and tools to demand change.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, physical distancing measures may be more burdensome for families with fewer resources, who may live in smaller spaces, unsafe neighborhoods, or crowded conditions.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As unemployment rates continue to soar during COVID-19, there also may be new financial hardship and stress experienced by youth during an already uncertain time.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities for Teens’ Social Media Use during COVID-19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By continuously refocusing efforts on uncovering the nuances of what, when, and for whom social media use influences different domains of adolescent well-being, research can produce insights with direct relevance to teens, families, and providers.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > How: Methods for studying social media use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understanding the time-varying processes of social media use and its impact within individuals across multiple domains of well-being and functioning also may provide information to translate research into the design and development of tools for teens to better understand and alter their own use.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > When: Timing of social media use and its effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, COVID-19 has spurred questions relating to how teens’ use and experiences of social media have been impacted by the pandemic and its disruptions.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > What: Social media content, tools, functions, and meanings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has magnified many of the existing considerations of social media use and its potential effects on adolescent health and well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Conclusion: A Call to Action
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Focusing on the affordances provided by the various platforms (Nesi et al., 2018a) also may provide a more generalizable approach for social media research moving forward, as these platforms and functions continue to grow and evolve.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > What: Social media content, tools, functions, and meanings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nesi et al., 2018a
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generalizing these considerations to the larger research agenda on adolescent social media use, understanding timing speaks to the relevance of both within-person and between-person differences.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > When: Timing of social media use and its effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, individual changes within and across COVID-19 may be a microcosm of an individual’s larger experience with social media.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > When: Timing of social media use and its effects
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach may serve as one example of how research can seek to understand the complex relationships of social media and one critical domain of adolescent well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > How: Methods for studying social media use
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents are a unique population within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, both in terms of their developmental stage and as the “digital native” generation best equipped to use social media to stay socially-connected while physically distant.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Conclusion: A Call to Action
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to recognize, however, that parents’ rules and guidelines for teens’ social media use may vary depending on individual characteristics of youth, such as demographic factors (e.g., age, gender) and vulnerabilities and strengths (e.g., self-regulation, coping), and that their approach may differ across adolescents in the same household.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > Who: Individual differences in social media use and its effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In doing so, it has provided an opportunity for the field to re-evaluate current research approaches and work towards a more nuanced understanding of adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Conclusion: A Call to Action
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a worldwide pandemic, COVID-19 may provide a context in which to evaluate the cross-cultural similarities and differences in adolescent social media use, including how the sociocultural and geopolitical forces of adolescents’ environments (e.g., messaging from public health and government officials) shape social media use and its impact on teens’ well-being.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > Who: Individual differences in social media use and its effects
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media does not represent a monolithic entity, but rather a broad and diverse array of tools that can be used in a multitude of ways.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > What: Social media content, tools, functions, and meanings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has hindered researchers’ ability to make meaningful conclusions with direct applicability to the public.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > How: Methods for studying social media use
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The majority of studies in adolescent social media research have relied on cross-sectional methods and self-report measures.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understanding the specific types of features and functions that affect different domains of adolescent well-being, particularly using an affordance-based approach, may provide critical information to guide the development of the next wave of social media applications.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > What: Social media content, tools, functions, and meanings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regard to COVID-19, the field has not yet had time to rigorously test its effects on adolescent social media use and related psychosocial outcomes.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > How: Methods for studying social media use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the field has come a long way in a relatively short time, COVID-19 has demonstrated that it still has a long way to go toward enacting a research agenda regarding social media use and adolescent well-being that is both more nuanced and applicable.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Conclusion: A Call to Action
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, parents’ relationships and attitudes towards social media use and technology may have direct implications for teens’ use and experiences.”
§ Re-examining adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic: A theoretical review and directions for future research > Key Future Directions for Research > Who: Individual differences in social media use and its effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The core components of this review and future directions remain relevant to the periods before, amidst, and in the aftermath of COVID-19.
“While our article focuses on adolescent social media use and socioemotional well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe the core components of this review and future directions remain relevant to the periods before, amidst, and in the aftermath of COVID-19.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risks and benefits of social media that have been exacerbated by the pandemic will continue to increase in relevance in the future.
“Furthermore, the risks and benefits of social media that have been exacerbated by the pandemic will only continue to increase in relevance in the future.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The current state of knowledge about adolescent social media use is insufficient to provide clear guidance to parents, educators, providers, and teens.
“This has left many parents, educators, providers, and teens without clear guidance on how to understand and approach adolescents’ social media use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all interpersonal interaction with peers occurs through social media.
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, when almost all interpersonal interaction with peers occurs through social media, these self-presentational concerns may be further exacerbated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In-person interactions cannot correct false self-presentations.
“because in-person interactions cannot correct false self-presentations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parents vary in adherence to physical distancing practices.
“FoMO may be even more pronounced as parents vary in adherence and physical distancing practices, and it may be more challenging for teens whose peers are spending time together in person.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents have ongoing cognitive development that affects their ability to disengage from social media.
“particularly given adolescents’ ongoing cognitive development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The majority of studies in adolescent social media research have relied on cross-sectional methods and self-report measures.
“Although the field of adolescent social media research is beginning to evolve, the majority of studies have relied on cross-sectional methods and self-report measures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Industry already has access to rich information about social media use.
“given the richness of information to which they already have access”
The paper relies on this without support.
Broader sociocultural and systemic contexts shape teens’ social media experiences.
“Considering the broader sociocultural and systemic contexts that shape teens’ social media experiences is important, such as the geopolitical news and policies that may directly affect social media content and teens’ experiences with it.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diversity of investigators and participants has implications for the equitability, generalizability and applicability of research and ensuing recommendations.
“which has implications for the equitability, generalizability and applicability of the research and ensuing recommendations”
The paper relies on this without support.
Disciplines, policymakers, and people in industry have a unique skillset and perspective that can jointly inform this future research agenda and improve the translation of research into direct recommendations and resources for the public.
“Disciplines (e.g., psychological science, computer engineering, public health, education, medicine), policymakers, and people in industry have a unique skillset and perspective that can jointly inform this future research agenda, as well as improve the translation of research into direct recommendations and resources for the public.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The dichotomy of whether social media is helping or harming teens today is false.
“the false dichotomy of whether social media is helping or harming teens today”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, SM can have numerous benefits for adolescents' well-being-including opportunities for social connection, creative expression, and identity exploration (Granic et al., 2020; Hamilton et al., 2021; Rideout & Robb, 2018).”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Hamilton et al., 2021
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 1×
“, 2016), and are at heightened risk for the first onset and worsening of nearly all mental-health problems (Kessler et al., 2005; Patton & Viner, 2007), including depression (Hankin et al.”
BackgroundMerikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278 · cited 1×
“…nearly all mental-health problems (Kessler et al., 2005; Patton & Viner, 2007), including depression (Hankin et al., 1998; Salk et al., 2017), anxiety (Merikangas et al., 2010), disordered eating (Holm-Denoma et al., 2014), substance use (Chen & Kandel, 1995; National Institute on Drug Abuse,…”
The Bioecological Model of Human Development
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114 · Cited by 5,760
Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 · Cited by 3,932 · cited 1×
“For some, this may contribute to a heightened sense of “fear of missing out” (FOMO), which often occurs via social media and is associated with anxiety, loneliness, and depression (Przybylski et al., 2013; Scott & Woods, 2018).”
BackgroundA social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking
Steinberg, L. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 · Cited by 3,644 · cited 1×
“As a result, adolescents are likely to engage in behaviors that lead to social rewards such as increased popularity or peer feedback (Brechwald & Prinstein, 2011), particularly when in the presence of peers (Steinberg, 2008).”
BackgroundExacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance.
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999) · doi:10.1037/10312-000 · Cited by 3,100 · cited 1×
“Teens are especially attuned to self-presentation related to physical appearance; attractiveness is often central to adolescents’ self-concept and self-worth, especially for girls (Thompson et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSalk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000102 · Cited by 2,622 · cited 1×
“…first onset and worsening of nearly all mental-health problems (Kessler et al., 2005; Patton & Viner, 2007), including depression (Hankin et al., 1998; Salk et al., 2017), anxiety (Merikangas et al., 2010), disordered eating (Holm-Denoma et al., 2014), substance use (Chen & Kandel, 1995;…”
BackgroundThe benefits of playing video games.
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0034857 · Cited by 2,456 · cited 1×
“Indeed, gaming may provide opportunities to practice cooperation and prosocial skills (Granic et al., 2014), which may be especially important when such in-person opportunities are limited because of COVID-19.”
BackgroundZarocostas, J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30461-x · Cited by 2,344 · cited 2×
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been subject to an unprecedented spread of misinformation and “fake news” (Kouzy et al., 2020; Zarocostas, 2020), prompting the WHO to recently label it an “infodemic” (United Nations Department of Communications, 2020).”
BackgroundHankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 · Cited by 2,333 · cited 1×
“…risk for the first onset and worsening of nearly all mental-health problems (Kessler et al., 2005; Patton & Viner, 2007), including depression (Hankin et al., 1998; Salk et al., 2017), anxiety (Merikangas et al., 2010), disordered eating (Holm-Denoma et al., 2014), substance use (Chen &…”
Background
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Singh, R., Patro, P. S., Sharma, A., Arif, F., Ballal, S., & Kaur, A. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2025ss0207
Helmiawan, M. A., Herdiana, D., Firmansyah, E., Sholihah, A. I. N., Putri, S. W., & Septiana, S. (2025) · International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM) · doi:10.1109/citsm67730.2025.11291394 · Cited by 1
“The COVID-19 epidemic has amplified the problems and opportunities of adolescent social media use, prompting a reconsideration of the debate surrounding teenagers and social media [12].”
Deng, G., Xia, H., Shang, D., Wen, Y., Hu, J., & Tan, Y. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/74059
“Fortunately, adolescents and young adults also demonstrated greater adaptability to digital health care platforms compared to the older population, which was helpful in facing public health crises [74,75].”
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“With participants enrolled for 2 years with multiple data points, our research is responsive to calls for longitudinal research to determine bidirectional relationships between social media experiences and socioemotional well-being [50].”
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“It is often identified as the convergence of emotional expression and growth, communication skills in interpersonal relationships, identity development, and cultural competence across different environmental settings (Hamilton et al., 2022; Thompson, 1990; Weisner, 1998).”
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Adolescent values and well‐being: A large‐scale two‐wave longitudinal study in China
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“1,24 Currently, no formal diagnosis exists for excessive social media use or internet addiction, nor are there standardized treatment protocols for problematic computer gaming.”
Li, W. O., Fung, C.-M., Chow, T. S., Leung, K. I. D., & Cheung, Y.-W. (2026) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2026-3-6
“…approach is further motivated by the established proposition that SNS usage should not be measured as a unified variable (Granic et al., 2020; Verduyn et al., 2017, 2022); what matters is the nature of usage — social versus entertainment — rather than usage quantity alone (Hamilton et al., 2022).”
Caproni, B., Dreier, M. J., Fedor, J., Low, C. A., & Hamilton, J. L. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-026-00711-6
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hamilton, J. L., Nesi, J., & Choukas-Bradley, S.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware
- Corresponding author
- Hamilton, Jessica L.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-11-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 662-679
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- PMC
- PMC9081105
- OpenAlex
- W3211721575
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 27.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH121584, K23MH122669, L30MH117642)
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (PDF-010517)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- social media use, adolescents, social and emotional wellbeing, COVID-19 pandemic, adolescent mental health, social media influence, research translation, evidence-based recommendations
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Communication, Humans, Pandemics, Social Media
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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