The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bone Health in Athletes: The Role of Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones
Open accessAbstract
Context: The health of the skeletal system is important for athletes young and old. From the early benefits of exercise on bones to the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment, bone health affects the ability to be active throughout life. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed articles dating from 1986 to 2016 were used for the review. Relevant terms such as keywords and section titles of the article were searched and articles identified were reviewed for relevance to this article. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Levels 1 through 4 evidence included. Results: There is strong evidence that exercise benefits bone health at every age and is a critical factor in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Vitamin D, calcium, and hormones play vital roles in ensuring optimal bone health. When there is an imbalance between exercise and nutrition, as seen in the female athlete triad, bone health is compromised and can lead to bone stress injuries and early osteoporosis. Both of these can lead to morbidity and lost time from training and competition. Thus, early recognition and appropriate treatment of the female athlete triad and other stress fracture risk factors are vital to preventing long-term bone health problems. Conclusion: To optimize bone health, adequate nutrition, appropriate weightbearing exercise, strength training, and adequate calcium and vitamin D are necessary throughout life.
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“A significantly greater bone density has been observed in athletic cohorts, with effects depending on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise training and the characteristics of the athletes [298].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
In the citing paper
“Exceptions include non-weight-bearing activities (e.g., swimming, cycling) and competitive distance runners, whose bone density appears similar to, or lower than the non-exercising controls.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
In the citing paper
“Exceptions include non-weight-bearing activities (e.g., swimming, cycling) and competitive distance runners, whose bone density appears similar to, or lower than the non-exercising controls.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
In the citing paper
“A significantly greater bone density has been observed in athletic cohorts, with effects depending on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise training and the characteristics of the athletes [298].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
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STRESS FRACTURES IN ATHLETES - A MULTIFACTORIAL APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goolsby, M. A., & Boniquit, N.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- Rush University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goolsby, Marci A.
- Venue
- Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-11-30
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 108-117
- ISSN
- 1941-0921 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-7381
- PMC
- PMC5349390
- OpenAlex
- W2550789070
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- bone health, athletes, osteoporosis prevention, exercise and bone health, female athlete triad, stress fractures, vitamin D, calcium, bone stress injuries, resistance training, nutrition and bone health
- MeSH terms
- Calcium, Dietary, Female, Hormones, Humans, Osteoporosis, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Exercise, Bone Density, Fractures, Stress, Female Athlete Triad Syndrome, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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