The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online
Open accessAbstract
Volunteer moderators create, support, and control public discourse for millions of people online, even as moderators’ uncompensated labor upholds platform funding models. What is the meaning of this work and who is it for? In this article, I examine the meanings of volunteer moderation on the social news platform reddit. Scholarship on volunteer moderation has viewed this work separately as digital labor for platforms, civic participation in communities, or oligarchy among other moderators. In mixed-methods research sampled from over 52,000 subreddit communities and in over a dozen interviews, I show how moderators adopt all of these frames as they develop and re-develop everyday meanings of moderation—facing the platform, their communities, and other moderators alike. I also show how this civic notion of digital labor brings clarity to a strike by moderators in July 2015. Volunteer governance remains a common approach to managing social relations, conflict, and civil liberties online. Our ability to see how communities negotiate the meaning of moderation will shape our capacity to address digital governance as a society.
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“However, volunteer moderators may experience different types of psychological distress due to their distinct motivational factors and the range of activities they engage in which commercial CMs do not (Matias, 2019).”
From The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study (2023) · cites this paper as Matias, 2019
In the citing paper
“Research to date examining the psychological effects of this work is sparse and tends to focus on the experience of volunteer moderators who may have a different set of motivations and job-related tasks (Matias, 2019).”
From The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study (2023) · cites this paper as Matias, 2019
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BackgroundInfluentialCase Law Grounding: Using Precedents to Align Decision-Making for Humans and AI
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InfluentialTaylor-Phillips, F., Jones, G. L., & Turner‐Moore, R. (2025) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2025.2529925 · Cited by 4
“There is a lack of evidence on the turnover of online platforms, but there is evidence to suggest that there is a high turnover of volunteer moderators, likely due to the struggle to keep up with the demands of managing community-orien-tated platforms and the digital labour involved (Matias, 2019).”
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“In his analysis of the role of volunteer moderators play on platforms, Matias (2019) argues scholarship on volunteer moderation has typically approached it from three perspectives: that of digital labor, that of civic participation in virtual communities, or that of power-dynamics in the digital…”
InfluentialGovernance dynamics in online communities: Autonomy, control, and sense of virtual community
Bulat, B. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251336440 · Cited by 3
“…a combination of community management (establishing rules and processes, facilitating discussions), content moderation (removing posts that violate rules), and user moderation (sanctioning, banning, or silencing disruptive users) (Matias, 2019; Seering et al., 2019; Srinivasan et al., 2019).”
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“Smaller, qualitative and/or survey based methods can glean detailed insights, but are prohibitively expensive to deploy widely, are slow, and can’t make use of the large volumes of data we already have.”
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InfluentialKordyaka, B. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791085 · Cited by 3
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“…set of practices that have been called content labeling [124], human computation [104], commercial content moderation [149], volunteer moderation [116], open source intelligence [62], digital humanitarian response [49], social media reporting [48], microwork, ghost work [75], and digital crisis…”
Self-citationChallenges in Restructuring Community-based Moderation
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“These community-based moderators are understood to be acting out of a passion for their communities, typically sharing common interests and ideologies, and working as volunteers [24, 64, 67].”
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“As Portelli (1991) 1 This choice aligns with calls to centre the experiences of digital labourers whose work has been undervalued and under documented (Arora et al., 2023; Gillespie, 2018; Gray & Suri, 2019; Matias, 2019; Muñoz et al., 2024; Roberts, 2019).”
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“This can lead to moderators being ‘blamed’ for problems largely outside of their control, which has been previously shown in small-n surveys (Matias 2019a; Jhaver, Frey, and Zhang 2023) and is further supported empirically here, as shown in Figure 2.”
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“…algorithms (e.g. Gillespie, 2020), government policies, laws and regulations (e.g. Gorwa, 2019), an increasingly globalized industry of human moderators (e.g. Roberts, 2019), and the ways in which platform users by accident or design moderate one another (e.g. Matias, 2019; Schneider, 2021).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Matias, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Matias, J. Nathan
- ORCID
- Matias, J. Nathan
- Venue
- Social Media + Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2056-3051 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2928915328
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 32.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Social Media + Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Microsoft Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Keywords
- volunteer moderators, online content moderation, digital labor, Reddit, subreddits, platform governance, volunteer governance, public discourse, civil liberties, online communities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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