The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 127 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics
Open accessAbstract
Although we generally experience our bodies as being biologically stable across time and situations, an emerging field of research is demonstrating that external social conditions, especially our subjective perceptions of those conditions, can influence our most basic internal biological processes—namely, the expression of our genes. This research on human social genomics has begun to identify the types of genes that are subject to social-environmental regulation, the neural and molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of social processes on gene expression, and the genetic polymorphisms that moderate individual differences in genomic sensitivity to social context. The molecular models resulting from this research provide new opportunities for understanding how social and genetic factors interact to shape complex behavioral phenotypes and susceptibility to disease. This research also sheds new light on the evolution of the human genome and challenges the fundamental belief that our molecular makeup is relatively stable and impermeable to social-environmental influence.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
64 Not checked yet · 23 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“social-environmental conditions influence basal transcriptome activity via central nervous system control of neural and endocrine processes (Cole, 2010; Irwin & Cole, 2011; McEwen, 2007; Miller, Chen, & Cole, 2009; Sterling, 2004).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Human Gene Expression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole, 2011
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that social-environmental factors can cause broad changes in human gene expression represents a paradigm shift in research on Gene × Environment interplay”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“social isolation is associated with increased risk for mortality (Berkman & Kawachi, 2000; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010; House, 2001; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988; Virchow, 1848/2006).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berkman & Kawachi, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010
- Not checked yetcites House, 2001
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These new discoveries suggest that the external social world may exert these effects in part by influencing our most deeply internal biological processes—namely, the expression of our genes.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“environmental factors such as geographic location can regulate the expression of approximately 10 times as many genes as genetic factors.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an emerging field of research is demonstrating that external social conditions, especially our subjective perceptions of those conditions, can influence our most basic internal biological processes—namely, the expression of our genes.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“certain genes can be “turned on” and “turned off” by different social-environmental conditions.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“central nervous system regulation of human gene expression is critical for accelerating wound healing and limiting the spread of infection when physical injury has occurred.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Human Gene Expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some social- environmental factors, such as social isolation and rejection, can influence the activity of not just a couple of genes but broad sets of hundreds of genes (i.e., gene profiles or gene programs).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“social-environmental conditions, even purely imagined or symbolic cognitive representations of such conditions, can also trigger broad shifts in the basal transcriptome”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Human Gene Expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“even transient environmental perturbations such as experimentally imposed sleep loss (Irwin, Wang, Campomayor, Collado-Hidalgo, & Cole, 2006), intense physical activity (Zieker et al., 2005), and acute psychological stress (Kawai et al., 2007; Nater et al., 2009) have been found to alter the leukocyte basal transcriptome.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin, Wang, Campomayor, Collado-Hidalgo, & Cole, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Zieker et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Kawai et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“similar proinflammatory/ anti-antiviral skewing of the basal transcriptome in white blood cells (i.e., leukocytes) has emerged in people confronting other types of adversity as well. These adversities include acute social stressors, such as major life events involving targeted rejection (Murphy, Slavich, Rohleder, & Miller, 2013), as well as chronic social stressors, such as ongoing interpersonal”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy, Slavich, Rohleder, & Miller, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Miller, Rohleder, & Cole, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social influences on gene expression can also penetrate surprisingly deeply into the body to remodel basal transcriptomes within several bodily tissues including the breast (Williams et al., 2009), lymph nodes (Sloan et al., 2007), and brain (Berton et al., 2006; Drnevich et al., 2012; Karssen et al., 2007; Weaver, Meaney, & Szyf, 2006).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Berton et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What once served as an adaptive response to impending physical threat now appears to be activated most frequently by the diverse array of actual or imagined social threats that humans experience on a daily basis.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar effects have also been observed for diseased tissues, such as ovarian cancers (Lutgendorf et al., 2009), prostate cancers (Ornish et al., 2008), breast cancers (Sloan et al., 2010), and ischemic brain injuries (Karelina et al., 2009; see Cole, in press).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lutgendorf et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Ornish et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these results provide a molecular basis for the elevated levels of morbidity and mortality that have long been observed in individuals experiencing loneliness and chronic social isolation.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Leukocyte basal transcriptome changes reflect systemic immune function relevant to disease risk.
In the paper
“the mononuclear cell gene expression data alone predicted primates’ dominance rank with 80% accuracy (Tung et al., 2012).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tung et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each of these lines of research, analyses of socially induced transcriptional remodeling demonstrated a critical role for the central nervous system in transducing social information into changes in hormone and neurotransmitter dynamics that in turn modulate gene expression changes throughout the body, including in the brain (Fernald & Maruska, 2012; Robinson, Grozinger, & Whitfield, 2005;”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Maruska, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Robinson, Grozinger, & Whitfield, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2008
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these correlational data suggest that immune response genes are highly sensitive to social-environmental conditions. This appears to be particularly true of immune response genes in “innate immune cells,” such as monocytes and dendritic cells, which mediate early responses to tissue damage.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the CTRA generally involves a shift in the leukocyte’s basal transcriptional stance so that the body is better prepared to deal with different types of microbial exposure that have historically been associated with injury in dangerous environmental conditions”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
In the paper
“The mechanisms underlying this process—which we call social signal transduction—were first elucidated in animal model systems, such as zebra finch song learning, honeybee nurse/forager transition, and cichlid alpha male development (Robinson, Fernald, & Clayton, 2008).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robinson, Fernald, & Clayton, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“changes in rank over time caused widespread alterations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression (Tung et al., 2012).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tung et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
In the paper
“Compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from maternally reared macaques, surrogate mother- and peer-reared macaques’ cells showed significantly greater expression of proinflammatory immune response genes and reduced expression of antiviral immune response genes.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
In the paper
“Analyses of socioeconomic-related differences in gene expression have revealed similar effects, with leukocyte transcriptional alterations being linked more closely to peoples’ general belief that the social world is a threatening or inhospitable place than to objective indices of social status, such as household income or education (Chen et al., 2009).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“events that are seemingly very different from one another, such as being socially rejected versus physically attacked, may have the ability to initiate the same transcriptional responses if they activate similar neuro-cognitive processes”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This research strategy has implicated several transcription control pathways in structuring genomewide transcriptional responses to social-environmental conditions.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“even the mere threat of a significant social loss, such as the anticipated bereavement of a spouse with brain cancer, can activate the CTRA (Miller et al., 2008).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“purely symbolic or imagined stimuli—that is, situations that have not yet happened or that may never actually occur—can engage the same ancestral defense programs that are triggered by actual social or physical threats”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“human research has begun to identify broadly similar mechanisms, with central nervous system–mediated subjective perceptions of the social environment as safe versus threatening playing a key role in activating dynamics such as the leukocyte CTRA (Slavich, Way, et al., 2010).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Way, et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Put another way, the effects of social experiences on gene expression are neuro-cognitively mediated.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CTRA transcripts have been linked primarily to individuals’ subjective experience of social isolation or loneliness (i.e., a view of the social world as generally hostile and unsupportive; Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2009), rather than to “objective” parameters of social connection, such as individuals’ social network size or marital status (Cole et al., 2007; Cole et al., 2011).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This explains in part how differences in perceptual processes and personality characteristics—such as negative cognitive biases, rejection sensitivity, social anxiety, and neuroticism—can come to be associated with stable individual differences in basal gene expression profiles and, therefore, health”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A key set of transcription factors in this context are the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein family factors, which are activated by the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)/protein kinase A signaling pathway during sympathetic nervous system-mediated fight-or-flight responses (Cole et al., 2007; Lutgendorf et al., 2009).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Lutgendorf et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The paramount role of subjective perception in human social signal transduction stems from the fact that central nervous system–mediated experiences of social-environmental conditions, not the external conditions themselves, are what trigger the release of neural and endocrine response molecules that proximally regulate gene expression”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the same social-environmental conditions, such as being socially evaluated or rejected, can be appraised in different ways and therefore have different gene expression consequences for different people depending on factors such as individuals’ sensitivity to social threat (Gyurak et al., 2012; O’Donovan, Slavich, Epel, & Neylan, 2013), propensity to view stressful circumstances as challenging”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gyurak et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites O’Donovan, Slavich, Epel, & Neylan, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, & Salomon, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there is evidence that EGR and GATA family transcription factors are involved in threat-related gene expression (Cole et al., 2007; Cole et al., 2010; Miller et al., 2008; Robinson et al., 2005, 2008).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This phenomenon is called glucocorticoid insensitivity, and it involves βAR-induced increases in the production of immature leukocytes from bone marrow that bear functionally desensitized glucocorticoid receptor proteins (Cole et al., 2010; Pace, Hu, & Miller, 2007; Pace & Miller, 2009; Wohleb et al., 2011).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Pace, Hu, & Miller, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Pace & Miller, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“during exposure to chronic psychosocial stress or threat, glucocorticoid receptors fail to regulate glucocorticoid response genes, despite the fact that glucocorticoid levels are either normal or even elevated (Avitsur, Stark, Dhabhar, Kramer, & Sheridan, 2003; Miller et al., 2008; Wohleb et al., 2011).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Avitsur, Stark, Dhabhar, Kramer, & Sheridan, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Wohleb et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“EGR transcription factors play a role in modulating key aspects of the adaptive immune response such as differentiation of lymphocyte precursors and activation of T cells and B cells (Gómez-Martín, Díaz-Zamudio, Galindo-Campos, & Alcocer-Varela, 2010)”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gómez-Martín, Díaz-Zamudio, Galindo-Campos, & Alcocer-Varela, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One way that adverse experiences can get biologically embedded is by reshaping the dynamics of regenerative plasticity, or the ongoing low-level transcription of the human genome to replace dead cells and decayed proteins.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“experiences of social-environmental adversity occurring on any given day can reshape an individual’s inflammatory milieu well into the future”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“poor maternal care in rodents (characterized by low licking/ grooming and arched-back nursing; Weaver et al., 2004; Weaver et al., 2006) and childhood abuse in humans (characterized by a history of inappropriate sexual contact or severe physical abuse or neglect) are correlated with epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the neural transcriptome, particularly in the”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weaver et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Weaver et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites McGowan et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social experiences can regulate gene expression in long-lived terminally differentiated cell types such as neurons as well”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“neurotransmitter regulation of hematopoietic output can selectively enhance the production of pro-inflammatory monocytes”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hanke, Powell, Stiner, Bailey, & Sheridan, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this process, increased hormone or neurotransmitter signaling caused by an experience of physical or social-environmental threat upregulates the ongoing production of new proteins or cells to replace those lost to damage or decay.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“mammalian animal model studies and postmortem studies of humans have demonstrated that adverse social experiences are associated with central nervous system alterations in other “epigenetic” processes, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, that could modulate gene transcriptional activity (Meaney & Ferguson-Smith, 2010; Robinson et al., 2005; Robinson et al., 2008; Tsankova, Renthal,”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meaney & Ferguson-Smith, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2008
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These associations may thus help explain how adverse social-environmental experiences are translated into long-term changes in transcriptional activity that shape complex behavioral phenotypes and risk for disease (Boyce, Sokolowski, & Robinson, 2012; Fernald & Maruska, 2012).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyce, Sokolowski, & Robinson, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Maruska, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Leukocyte basal transcriptome changes reflect systemic immune function relevant to disease risk.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social influences can also induce short-term molecular alterations through transcriptional plasticity of tissue regeneration and wound-repair processes”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in vitro biochemical analyses confirmed that the C allele of the IL6 promoter showed reduced transcriptional responsiveness to βAR/GATA1 activation”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“upregulated NGF expression has been associated with reduced antiviral immune response gene expression in leukocytes, which increases an organism’s vulnerability to viral infection”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Collado-Hidalgo et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This analysis revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism—specifically, a G/C transversion 174 bases upstream of the transcription start site for the human IL6 gene—that was predicted to inhibit GATA1 binding.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result of such transcriptional recursion, which is depicted in Figure 3b, the molecular residue of experienced threat can become embedded in the basal cellular transcriptome and persist not just for days or months but for years after its initial environmental impetus has passed”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Miller, Chen, Fok, et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites O’Donovan et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This study first identified the GATA1 transcription factor as a mediator of sympathetic nervous system/βAR-induced transcriptional responses to social- environmental threat.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the association between this polymorphism and mortality risk was completely attenuated when analyses adjusted for levels of systemic inflammation, as indexed by the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in vivo molecular epidemiology confirmed that under high levels of social-environmental adversity, individuals who were homozygous for the GATA1-sensitive G allele died 2.8 years sooner than their counterparts bearing the GATA1-insensitive C allele”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“much of the genetic basis for human transcriptional sensitivity to social context may now reside in nonpolymorphic (rather than polymorphic) regions of our genome.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“social signal transduction implies a metagenomic system in which individual genomes operate differently depending on the presence of other people and their (subjectively perceived) implications for individual fitness outcomes, such as reproduction and survival”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > The Human Metagenome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Way, et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“plasticity alleles that enhance general adaptive capacities—such as the ability to anticipate challenges and preemptively deploy physiologic or behavioral defenses—would generally have “swept to fixation” over our evolutionary history”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gibson, 2008, 2009
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Sabeti et al., 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this approach provides a concrete molecular basis for understanding why this IL6 polymorphism is not always associated with increased disease risk.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the Social Adversity × IL6 interaction described here exemplifies a growing trend in the discovery of polymorphisms that influence the magnitude of biological sensitivity to the environment, as opposed to phenotypes that are characterized by a specific directional risk”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyce et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Gibson, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Way & Taylor, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“they have likely remained polymorphic because they amplified a mix of fitness costs and benefits over the range of human evolutionary environments”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Finch, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Gibson, 2008, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a second system appears to be implicated in determining the relative physical safety and security of the individual and is mediated in part by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a third system is involved in representing the thoughts and intentions of others and their relevance for the self (e.g., “What do those people think of me?” or “Do they like me?”) and includes the dorso-medial prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, pregenual anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eisenberger et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Muscatell et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“untranslated regions of mRNA also play an important role in controlling gene expression changes insofar as they influence mRNA maturation, shuttling, stability, and translational efficiency”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Asson-Batres, Spurgeon, Diaz, DeLoughery, & Bagby, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Stamou & Kontoyiannis, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a 10-week cognitive-behavior intervention designed to target anxiety-related affective and behavioral processes counteracted the effects of stress-related CTRA transcriptional skewing by reducing expression of proinflammatory and metastasis-related genes and by increasing expression of interferon-related genes in early-stage breast cancer patients who were randomly assigned to receive the”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Antoni et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar genome-regulating effects have been found for Kirtan Kriya meditation (Black et al., in press) and for a mindfulness-based stress reduction program (Creswell et al., 2012).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black et al., in press
- Not checked yetcites Creswell et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that the neural substrates of inflammation-related gene expression may include brain systems that are involved in processing experiences of physical pain”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eisenberger, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Eisenberger & Cole, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“subjective perceptions of the external social environment (e.g., as being friendly vs. hostile) appear to be more strongly related to genomewide transcriptional shifts than the actual social-environmental conditions themselves.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because these states generally involve affiliative, appetitive, exploratory, and reward motivations (e.g., instead of isolative and avoidant motivations), they likely engage neurobiological pathways and influence sets of genes that are different from those affected during physical or social threat”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lieberman & Eisenberger, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Panksepp, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“our molecular “selves” are far more fluid and permeable to social-environmental influence than we have generally appreciated”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robinson, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
In the paper
“one study scanned the entire genome and found that whereas approximately 5% of differentially expressed genes could be attributed to genetic factors associated with gender and ancestry, more than 50% of differentially expressed genes were attributable to living in rural versus urban environments (Idaghdour et al., 2010).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idaghdour et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because these pathways can be activated simply by subjective experiences of the world as hostile or threatening, however, genome-wide transcriptional skewing that is imperative for surviving physical injury can also occur in the absence of actual physical danger, giving these dynamics the ability to affect risk for certain diseases”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Human Gene Expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The human genome, therefore, is not a static blueprint for human potential. Instead, our genome appears to encode a wide variety of “potential biological selves,” and which “biological self” gets realized depends on the social conditions we experience over the life course.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has long been known that social-environmental conditions can shape complex behavioral phenotypes and susceptibility to disease (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, & Miller, 2007).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, & Miller, 2007
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared to socially integrated individuals, people experiencing chronic social isolation showed enhanced expression of proinflammatory immune response genes and a reciprocal downregulation of antiviral immune response genes.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“chronic activation of the leukocyte CTRA in response to nonphysical (i.e., social) stressors contributes to a paradoxical increase in both (a) inflammation-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and depression, caused by excessive proinflammatory immune response gene expression, and (b) vulnerability to viral infections such as the common cold, caused by insufficient antiviral immune”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
- Rests on an assumption: Leukocyte basal transcriptome changes reflect systemic immune function relevant to disease risk.
In the paper
“macaques that were experimentally relegated to a lower social dominance rank exhibited upregulated expression of proinflammatory immune response genes and a related increase in glucocorticoid resistance, thus matching the previously described effects of social isolation on human gene expression.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Socially Sensitive Genes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tung et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the same time, sympathetic nervous system/βAR signaling also inhibits interferon response factor transcription factors, which suppresses antiviral immune response gene expression and increases a person’s susceptibility to viral infection (Collado-Hidalgo, Sung, & Cole, 2006; Miller et al., 2008; Sloan et al., 2007; Sloan et al., 2010).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Collado-Hidalgo, Sung, & Cole, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GATA transcription factors are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and regulate gene transcription in multiple stress-relevant organs, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenals (Viger, Guittot, Anttonen, Wilson, & Heikinheimo, 2008).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Viger, Guittot, Anttonen, Wilson, & Heikinheimo, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result of decreased glucocorticoid receptor cross-regulation, NF-κB and AP-1 are de-repressed—that is, they are no longer inhibited from binding to gene promoters—thereby upregulating the proinflammatory component of the CTRA, leading to increased inflammatory activity (Cole et al., 2007; Pace, Hu, & Miller, 2011; Wohleb et al., 2011).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Social SignalTransduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Pace, Hu, & Miller, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Wohleb et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both a general tendency to be unsociable and exposure to 3 weeks of social instability upregulate expression of the gene that codes for nerve growth factor beta (NGF) in rhesus macaque lymph nodes”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“G allele carriers exhibited increased risk for inflammation-related causes of death (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes) but not for noninflammation-related causes of death (e.g., respiratory failure, trauma).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These dynamics have also been shown to trigger increased arborization of sympathetic nervous system fibers in the lymph node, which expands the regulatory pipeline from the brain to the immune system, making local leukocyte immune response gene and NGF transcription increasingly sensitive to social-environmental input.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over time, this dynamic can become locked in a self-promoting positive feedback cycle that perpetuates sympathetic nervous system hyperinnervation, possibly leading to sustained subjective perceptions of heightened threat”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Transcriptional Embedding of Social Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“data increasingly suggest that plasticity alleles may be associated with a diverse array of phenotypes, including emotion perception and neural system activation, expression of distinct life history strategies involving reproductive and antisocial behavior, the development of human social networks, socioeconomic influences on depression, and the coevolution of genes and culture”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These phenotypic plasticity alleles confer increased advantage in favorable environments and increased risk in adverse environments”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyce et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Gibson, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Way & Taylor, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the approach helps map the social signal transduction pathway involved in inflammation-related disease in a way that highlights specific biological strategies, such as βAR blockade, that can be used for mitigating Gene × Environment-gated health risks”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Sloan et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Wohleb et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for maximal phenotypic impact to occur, an individual has to have both an environmentally sensitive genotype (i.e., the IL6 G allele) and a social threat–related functional activation of this genotype, as indexed by sympathetic nervous system/βAR/GATA1 signaling.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concretizing Gene-Environment Interactions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“only one study to date has examined how neurocognitive perceptions of the external social world relate to inflammatory biology, and this study found that individuals who exhibited greater neural responses to social rejection in pain-related neural regions—specifically, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral anterior insula—had greater inflammatory responses to a laboratory-based social”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Way, et al., 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The notion that the activity of our own genome is determined in part by the transcriptomes of others suggests the existence of a human metagenome—a system that is likely to generate complex emergent properties as transcriptional dynamics propagate through networks of genomes”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > The Human Metagenome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kauffman, 1993
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial evidence for such sensitization is suggested by research showing that neural activity can regulate inflammatory processes (Slavich, Way, et al., 2010) and that changes in inflammation can in turn influence neural activity (Eisenberger, Inagaki, Rameson, Mashal, & Irwin, 2009).”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Way, et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Eisenberger, Inagaki, Rameson, Mashal, & Irwin, 2009
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Objective and subjective network characteristics regulate distinct groups of immune response genes (Cole et al., 2007; Cole et al., 2011), as well as neural-regulatory genes (Berton et al., 2006; Robinson et al., 2008; Weaver et al., 2006), but their effects on other types of genes and bodily tissues remain poorly understood.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > The Human Metagenome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Cole et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Berton et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because our cells are continually involved in a process of self-regeneration, experiences occurring at any point in time can influence human functioning for weeks through regenerative plasticity and for months and years via neuromolecular sensitization”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cells continually self-regenerate.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Activating a transcriptional response that reduces risk of injury and infection during actual physical danger makes good adaptive sense; when such a response is deployed during contemporary social stressors, however, the health risks can easily outweigh the benefits, particularly if the response is prolonged by neurocognitive mechanisms or transcriptional embedding.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > The Human Metagenome
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The system just described, for example, appears to be involved in the experience of social-environmental threat and includes the amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral anterior insula.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discovery that social-environmental factors can substantially alter the expression of literally hundreds of genes and that the types of genes that are differentially expressed can be meaningfully identified as gene programs or profiles represents a paradigm shift in thinking on gene-environment interactions.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concluding Comments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these results provide new theoretical and computational modeling frameworks that link human molecular genetics to genomic evolution and gene-culture coevolution.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concluding Comments
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These data thus provide the first evidence that psychological interventions can reverse stress-induced genomewide transcriptional responses such as the CTRA, which may in turn have implications for human health”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Topics for Further Clarification and Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finch, 2007, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this burgeoning field of research has begun to identify the specific types of genes that are subject to social-environmental regulation, the neural and molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects social processes have on gene expression, and the genetic polymorphisms that moderate the extent to which social conditions cause transcriptional shifts.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concluding Comments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our presence in different social groups means that we are transcriptionally connected, giving rise to a human metagenome that has implications for collective health and behavior.”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Concluding Comments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Transcription factor binding has taken place.
“Assuming that binding has taken place, though, this process upregulates the transcription of DNA into mRNA”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from nonhuman animal models about social influences on gene expression can be generalized to humans.
“Converging evidence of such effects is provided by experimental research in mammalian model organisms (Cole et al., 2010; Cole et al., 2012; Sloan et al., 2010; Wohleb et al., 2011).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Leukocyte basal transcriptome changes reflect systemic immune function relevant to disease risk.
“Because immune system functioning has important implications for health (Dhabhar, 2003; Glaser & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2005; Medzhitov, 2008), these studies focused on differential expression of two distinct modules of immune response genes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subjective experiences are shaped in part by the reality of the surrounding social environment.
“especially since peoples’ subjective experiences are shaped in part by the reality of their surrounding social environment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cells continually self-regenerate.
“Because our cells are continually involved in a process of self-regeneration”
The paper relies on this without support.
Leukocyte transcriptional dynamics evolved to counter the differing microbial exposures historically associated with friendly versus threatening conditions.
“Our perspective is that leukocyte transcriptional dynamics have evolved to counter the differing types of microbial exposure that have historically been associated with friendly versus threatening conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The bulk of prior human social genomics research has used correlational designs.
“since most of the existing studies on human social genomics are correlational”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Rather, genes act as followers, not prime movers, in developmental processes.”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epigenetic adaptation is the biological process through which these reciprocal individual-context relations create qualitative changes to the expression of our genetic makeup over time, both within and across generations.”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Genetic and epigenetic processes, in concert with early experience, shape neuronal connections and give rise to neural circuits that enable increasingly complex mental activities (Jablonka & Lamb, 2005;Moore, 2015;Slavich & Cole, 2013).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The relationships and experiences that guide the maturation of a child's developing neurobiological systems are themselves nested within larger micro-and macrosystems”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the fact that neural responses to contemporary threats like social evaluation and rejection may up-regulate systemic inflammation, and that increases in inflammation may in turn promote neural sensitivity to social rejection, suggests that activity in pain-related neural systems and systemic inflammation may be mutually promoting and, over time, become engaged in a recursive loop that increases”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“engagement of these pathways may become selfpromoting as a result of neuro-inflammatory sensitization and thus drive heightened levels of inflammation and exaggerated perceptions of social threat for months or years after the original social-environmental impetus has passed”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the industrial revolution and modern era have ushered in changes in social interactions and sleep quality59,91 that can promote SCI149,150 and insulin resistance151, in turn increasing risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD and all-cause mortality150–154”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [91]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“adverse social experiences characterized by loss or threat activate proinflammatory cytokine activity (Giletta et al. 2018, Slavich & Cole 2013) and trigger alterations in the genes regulating proinflammatory cytokine production (Slavich et al. 2010)”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As packages of biological instructions, genes require signals to determine which processes are carried out, with social and physical contexts influencing if, when, how, and which genes are expressed (Keating, 2016;Moore, 2015;Slavich & Cole, 2013).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As summarized by Slavich and Cole (2013), however, recent research has demonstrated that this same innate immune system response can be activated in the contemporary social environment when an individual is exposed to adverse conditions involving social conflict, evaluation, rejection, isolation, or exclusion perhaps because of the implications these conditions historically had for physical danger”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich and Cole (2013)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As depicted in Figure 1 and described more fully by Slavich and Cole (2013), this increased proinflammatory/ reduced antiviral skewing of our basal gene expression profile, called the basal transcriptome, appears to represent a conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) that is adaptive in countering injuries associated with actual physical threat”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich and Cole (2013)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The effect of a particular polymorphism on health, however, is realized only when a gene is expressed-that is, when DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“whole gene programs or gene profiles, such as the CTRA, can be activated by adverse social conditions”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“genomic processes, including stress-associated transcriptional shifts, that reveal that social stressors can impact the molecular activation of inflammation”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“these social signal transduction pathways can also be activated by purely symbolic, anticipated, or imagined threats, which include things that have not yet happened or that may never actually occur”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These interactions cause NFκ B and AP-1 to translocate into the nucleus of the cell where they bind to cis -regulatory DNA sequences and up-regulate the expression of proinflammatory immune response genes including IL1B, IL6, IL8, and TNF”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
In the citing paper
“In combination with SNS/β-adrenergic regulation of focal transcriptional programs in existing monocytes and de novo monocyte production through myelopoiesis, social threat–induced neoinnervation of lymphoid tissues provides three distinct gene regulatory dynamics that converge to up-regulated CTRA gene expression in immune cells during extended periods of social threat or adversity [36].”
From Human Social Genomics (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“In both, chronic threat and SNS signaling activate tissue-specific transcriptional defense programs that enhance organismic mobility and prime wound healing and antimicrobial responses to tissue injury [3], [5], [36].”
From Human Social Genomics (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“the host defense program is activated by non-physical social, symbolic, anticipated, or imagined threats”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Slavich and Cole, 2013
In the citing paper
“with evidence that sleep disturbance leads to a similar response”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Slavich and Cole, 2013
In the citing paper
“Emerging research indicates that early social environments, including individuals’ subjective perceptions of their environment, produce changes in gene expression (Slavich & Cole, 2013).”
From Associations Between Early Life Stress and Gene Methylation in Children (2015) · cites this paper as Slavich & Cole, 2013
In the citing paper
“The impetus for this research was inspired by a wealth of research showing e that developing caring and compassion-focused motives for self and others has a range of benefits: on genetic expression [14, 31, 109], physiological processes [9, 68, 71, 73, 107, 108], psychological processes [63, 64, 66, 108], and social relationships [16, 18, 100].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
“acute psychological stress (Kawai et al., 2007; Nater et al., 2009)”
§ The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics > References
“66. Kawai T Morita K Masuda K Nishida K Shikishima M Ohta M Rokutan K 2007 Gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells from medical students exposed to chronic psychological stress Biological Psychology 76 147 155 17766027 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.008”
Citations
Cites
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution
Kauffman, S. A. (1993) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195079517.001.0001 · Cited by 7,855
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272
Social Relationships and Health
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3399889 · Cited by 7,073
The origins of order; self organization and selection in evolution
Kauffman, S. A. (1994) · International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0020-711x(94)90119-8 · Cited by 6,753
Origin and physiological roles of inflammation
Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429 · cited 9×
“In the very different health ecology of the contemporary social world (Finch, 2010; Gibson, 2009; McEwen, 2007; Richerson, Boyd, & Henrich, 2010; Sterling, 2004), however, chronic activation of the leukocyte CTRA in response to nonphysical (i.”
BackgroundInfluentialNolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Keltner D., 2010, The compassionate instinct: The science of human goodness
- Monroe S. M., 2009, Handbook of depression, 340
- Virchow R., 2006, Social Medicine, 1, 11
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span
Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., Ferrucci, L., Gilroy, D. W., Fasano, A., Miller, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0 · Cited by 4,915
Self-citationSlavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206
Self-citationThe origins and nature of compassion focused therapy
Gilbert, P. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12043 · Cited by 1,593
Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1883409 · Cited by 1,283
Self-citationSleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity
Irwin, M. R., & Opp, M. R. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.148 · Cited by 624
Metadata
- Authors
- Slavich, G. M., & Cole, S. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
- Corresponding author
- Slavich, George M.
- ORCID
- Slavich, George M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-03-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 331-348
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC3707393
- OpenAlex
- W2093190722
- Semantic Scholar
- d287cb1ed68b8156f4521764121f1041eda0c45e
- Cited by
- 523
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 19.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG033590, P30AG028748, R01AG033590, P30AG017265)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA116778)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- gene expression, genetic polymorphism, gene-environment interaction, behavioral phenotypes, disease susceptibility, epigenetics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
