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Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias
Open accessAbstract
Biases of emotional attention are believed to be central to human (mal)adaptation and multiple forms of psychopathology. Yet fundamental questions remain regarding the nature and empirical study of attentional bias (AB). We thus aimed to (a) test a novel conceptualization and related operationalization of AB expression in time and (b) illuminate the nature of AB and specifically its temporal expression. We examined AB expression in time by means of a novel trial-level bias score (TL-BS) analysis of dot probe task data in two experiments—among spider phobics and healthy controls, and among smoking-deprived daily smokers. Findings revealed evidence of the dynamic expression of AB in time; furthermore, TL-BS parameters demonstrated unique associations with psychopathology and addiction beyond traditional bias score. The present research may help to bring the conceptualization and quantification of AB closer to the nature of the phenomenon and thereby advance basic and clinical knowledge.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper proposes a Trial-Level Bias Score (TL-BS) method for dot-probe data, arguing that attentional bias is expressed as dynamic, fluctuating bursts over time rather than as a stable trait-like signal. Across spider-phobia and smoking-deprivation experiments, TL-BS parameters predicted diagnostic status and smoking rate, often incrementally beyond traditional mean bias scores.
Key findings
- TL-BS data were not consistent with a static trait-like signal: attentional bias showed phasic bursts and fluctuating temporal variability toward and/or away from target stimuli, with peaks varying within and between participants.
- In Experiment 1, spider phobics had higher Fear of Spiders Questionnaire scores than controls, M(SD) = 91.39(20.62) vs. 21.87(22.21), t(62) = 12.59, p < .001, d = 3.2. TL-BS positive parameters and TL-BS variability significantly related to spider-phobic group status, with incremental Nagelkerke’s R² = .04 to .13 in the 500-ms block and .07 to .13 in the 200-ms block; traditional bias score generally did not explain unique variance beyond TL-BS parameters.
- In Experiment 2, among 45 daily smokers, traditional bias score showed very low split-half reliability (Spearman r = .06, n.s.), whereas TL-BS parameters showed higher reliability: Mean TL-BS POSITIVE r = .67, Mean TL-BS NEGATIVE r = .58, Peak TL-BS POSITIVE r = .44, Peak TL-BS NEGATIVE r = .31, TL-BS Variability r = .46.
- TL-BS toward-smoking parameters explained unique variance in daily smoking rate beyond traditional bias score, F(3,41) = 2.5, Δr² = .07, p = .04; traditional bias score did not explain unique variance beyond TL-BS parameters, sr² = .01, p = .25.
Methods
- Experiment 1: 41 spider-phobic participants and 25 healthy controls completed a visual dot-probe task with spider/butterfly stimuli in counterbalanced 200-ms and 500-ms blocks; each block had 60 experimental trials (20 neutral, 20 congruent, 20 incongruent). TL-BS was computed by subtracting temporally contiguous congruent and incongruent trial RT pairs within a 5-trial window, yielding parameters for Mean TL-BS POSITIVE/NEGATIVE, Peak TL-BS POSITIVE/NEGATIVE, and TL-BS Variability; logistic regressions tested diagnostic status.
- Experiment 2: 45 daily smokers completed an 18-hour biochemically verified smoking-deprivation procedure (CO < 6 PPM) and a dot-probe task with smoking-related pictures in one 500-ms block of 160 trials (80 neutral, 40 congruent, 40 incongruent). Analyses included split-half reliability, zero-order correlations, and hierarchical regression predicting daily smoking rate.
- Across both experiments, TL-BS parameters were compared with traditional mean bias scores, and “fake TL-BS” parameters computed from neutral trials were used as robustness checks.
Limitations
- The paper states that TL-BS was tested only in the modified dot-probe task and only for emotional attention; generalization to other paradigms and non-emotional attention remains untested.
- The paper states that validation analyses were cross-sectional, limiting causal or directional inference, and that split-half reliability could not be meaningfully computed in Experiment 1 due to insufficient trials.
- The paper states that TL-BS is only one of multiple possible computational approaches and calls for future large-scale psychometric work; evident from the text, the samples are modest and Experiment 2 used only a single 500-ms stimulus block, so robustness across durations and populations is not established.
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57 Own result · 29 Own interpretation · 11 Not checked yet · 8 Own method · 6 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings revealed evidence of the dynamic expression of AB in time; furthermore, TL-BS parameters demonstrated unique associations with psychopathology and addiction beyond traditional bias score.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As predicted, AB appears to be expressed in phasic bursts or peaks over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional Computation of Attentional Bias.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings revealed evidence of the dynamic expression of AB in time; furthermore, TL-BS parameters demonstrated unique associations with psychopathology and addiction beyond traditional bias score.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, as predicted, greater degree of Variability in TL-BS was significantly related to spider phobia diagnostic status.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, for the 200ms block, traditional BS was significantly related to spider phobic group status.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and again, traditional BS did not explain unique variance above and beyond the TL-BS towards parameters.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we found that both TL-BS Variability and traditional BS each explained unique incremental variance in spider phobic group status above and beyond the other (See Table 1).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, though not predicted, peak levels of TL-BS away from spider stimuli discriminated between diagnostic groups.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, consistent with prediction, TL-BS data were not consistent with a static trait-like signal over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, we were able to derive initial candidate parameters reflecting the time-series trial-level AB expression over time including: degree of AB towards and/or away from target stimuli as well as degree of stability or temporal variability in the expression of AB towards and/or away over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these effects were observed above and beyond the effect of traditional mean BS.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of TL-BS incremental effects was observed both in the 500ms and 200ms blocks.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As predicted, higher levels of TL-BS towards parameters (Mean TL-BS POSITIVE, Peak TL-BS POSITIVE ) were significantly related to greater likelihood of spider phobic group status.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, as predicted, greater levels of temporal variability of AB discriminated between phobics and controls.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we found that AB may be operationalized by means of the TL-BS computational methodology in a manner that provides repeated AB estimates at the trial-level, temporally concurrent with the dynamic expressions of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, traditional mean BS did not account for unique variance beyond most of the TL-BS parameters.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, though not hypothesized, lower levels of mean TL-BS NEGATIVE were also significantly related to greater likelihood of spider phobic group status.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With respect to TL-BS parameters, the same pattern of results observed for 500ms block were observed (Table 1).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This overall pattern of effects were observed both for the 500-ms and the 200-ms blocks.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the parameters derived from the”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, consistent with prediction, despite the fact that we measured attentional allocation to appetitive and acutely motivationally-relevant smoking cues, TL-BS data were not consistent with a stable, static trait-like signal over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS towards parameters (Mean TL-BS POSITIVE, Peak TL-BS POSITIVE ) explained unique variance in smoking rate beyond the variance explained by traditional BS (F (3,41) = 2.5, ∆r 2 = .07,p = .04);”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Cross-Validation of Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, TL-BS parameters demonstrated moderate to strong relations with one another.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, as in Experiment 1, we found that AB may be operationalized by means of the TL-BS in a manner that provides repeated AB estimates at the trial-level, temporally concurrent with the dynamic expressions of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, as expected, we found that the mean RT on neutral trials was not correlated to smoking rate (r = .13,n.s).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Cross-Validation of Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, TL-BS parameters demonstrate moderate to strong relations with one another (r's = -.47 to .82).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Relations Between Traditional BS and Trial-Level AB Parameters.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we observed that the same participants can express AB towards and away from target stimuli (Cisler et al., 2009;Zvielli, Bernstein, & Koster, 2014).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisler et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Zvielli, Bernstein, & Koster, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS data were not consistent with what we suggest is a core, albeit implicit, assumption of contemporary theory and study of ABthat AB expression is a stable, static trait-like signal over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, parameters derived from this”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Cross-Validation of Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, higher levels of traditional BS were significantly correlated with smoking rate.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Cross-Validation of Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional BS demonstrated very low levels of reliability relative to significant, albeit modest, reliability of TL-BS parameters.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“traditional BS did not similarly account for unique variance beyond the TL-BS parameters (sr 2 = .01,p = .25).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Cross-Validation of Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, as predicted, higher levels of TL-BS towards parameters, Mean TL-BS POSITIVE and Peak TL-BS POSITIVE , were positively correlated with number of cigarettes smoked/day.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Cross-Validation of Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the TL-BS parameters that reflect the time-series trial-level dynamics (e.g., Mean TL-BS POSITIVE , Peak TL-BS POSITIVE, Peak TL-BS NEGATIVE , and TL-BS Variability), some of which were unrelated to traditional BS, predicted theoretically-relevant criterion variables (i.e., phobic diagnostic status, smoking rate)”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“traditional BS demonstrated very low levels of split-half reliability in Study 2 (see also Schmukle et al., 2005;Waechter et al., 2014)”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schmukle et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Waechter et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and, in most analyses, did so incrementally above and beyond traditional BS estimation.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS parameters demonstratedfor the first time in this literaturesignificant albeit modest levels of reliability.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In work to-date, quantification of AB may not optimally reflect the time-series expression and measurement of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We theorize that this mismatch between (a) the expression and measurement of AB in time, on the one hand, and (b) its conceptualization and related quantification independent of time, on the other hand, has hindered the field's study and understanding of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, we theorize that AB may be expressed in fluctuating, phasic bursts, towards and/or away from target stimuli over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We thus propose that the current conceptualization and related quantification of AB may not optimally reflect the time-series expression and measurement of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, we theorize that emotional attention or AB may not be expressed as a stable or static”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Accordingly, in various methodological paradigms [e.g., the dot probe (MacLeod et al., 1986), spatial cueing (Fox et al., 2001), emotional stroop (for a review, see Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996), visual search (Wolfe, 1994), anti-saccade (Hallett, 1978)] AB is sampled repeatedly over time, in temporally contiguous trials.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 1986
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We theorize that these questions and mixed findings may be, in part, accounted for by an important limitation in extant theory and empirical study of the nature of the expression of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, we propose that potentially important features of AB expression have failed to receive theoretical or empirical attention due to our failure to conceptualize and quantify AB concurrent with its real-time expression.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is not likely that the TL-BS parameters may be accounted for by intra-individual variability in RT.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach provides not only a test of TL-BS with respect to AB for appetitive cues, but does so in a controlled experimental context characterized by the acute motivational-relevance of the stimuli.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > EXPERIMENT 2 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mogg et al (2008) documented a slowdown in response time in the context of high anxiety.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The derived parameters permitted us to explore the criterion-related validity of the TL-BS operationalization of AB with respect to spider phobia diagnostic status.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phobic participants specifically are likely anticipating and searching for spiders more actively in visual space,”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because TL-BS and traditional BS are computed by IT-CT differences, they are by definition related to IT RT and CT RT (i.e., due to multicollinearity).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One implication of these TL-BS findings is that traditional mean BS may not optimally represent the dynamic expression of AB in time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly, these data suggest that traditional mean BS shares a limited degree of variance with TL-BS parameters.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, reported TL-BS and parameters are not a by-product or proxy of general variability in RT.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these data suggest that TL-BS estimates and parameters are not likely a by-product or proxy of general variability in RT.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias 28
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that we could not compute split-half reliability of the TL-BS parameters meaningfully due to the limited number of trials in this task.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias 28
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the various correlates of AB across levels of analysis (self-report, behavioral, neural, genetic) may be mis-estimated (e.g., under-estimated) by extant reliance on traditional BS.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, validation analyses were cross-sectionallimiting our capacity to infer directionality or causality between TL-BS parameters of AB and diagnostic status or smoking rate.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias 28
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These reliability data may be interpreted as further evidence that TL-BS and derived parameters represent a closer representation of the modeled phenomenon of AB than do traditional mean BS used to-date.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the magnitude and direction of peaks vary within-and between-participants, as does the degree of temporal variability.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional Computation of Attentional Bias.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, in the 500ms block, the Peak TL-BS POSITIVE did not account for unique variance beyond traditional mean BS; it was though incrementally significant in the 200ms block.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS demonstrated phasic bursts of differential attentional allocation over time; as well as evidence of fluctuating temporal variability ranging from AB towards and/or away from spider images.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a total of 40 IT and 40 CT, M(SD) of computed BSs/participant = 70.1(3.9).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Trial-Level Bias Scores (TL-BS): Computation. See Study 1 Results for computation of TL-BS.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the amplitude and direction of peaks vary within-and between-participants, as does the degree of temporal variability.”
- Also stated in: § Experiment 2 Discussion · plain
“Moreover, as in Experiment 1, the amplitude and direction of peaks vary within-and between-participants, as does the degree of temporal variability.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Experiment 2 Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Positive TL-BS parameters (i.e., Peak, Mean) as well as traditional BS did not predict group status above and beyond neutral mean RT (OR < 1.1, n.s).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants smoked M(SD) = 15.2 (5.1) cigarettes/day.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Participants
plainn = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, traditional BS did not explain unique variance above and beyond the TL-BS parameters.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample traditional mean BS (mean ITmean CT RTs) M(SD) = 13.5(18.8)ms.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional Computation of Attentional Bias. Sample traditional mean BS (mean ITmean CT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, Peak TL-BS POSITIVE did not.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional and Trial-Level Attentional Bias Parameters and Phobia Diagnostic Status.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Finally, though mean RT on neutral trials distinguished between groups (see also Mogg et al., 2008), the”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Discussion Experiment 1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, as in Experiment 1, the TL-BS towards parameters explained unique variance in smoking rate above and beyond the effect of traditional mean BS, whereas traditional BS did not explain unique variance in smoking rate beyond the TL-BS towards parameter.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of trials between paired IT-CT trials was M(SD) = 2.0 (1.15).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Trial-Level Bias Scores (TL-BS): Computation. See Study 1 Results for computation of TL-BS.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The M(SD) number of sequential trials with no calculation of TL-BS = 2.1(.10).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Trial-Level Bias Scores (TL-BS): Computation. See Study 1 Results for computation of TL-BS.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, TL-BS parameters that demonstrate the greatest association are the towards parameters -Mean TL-BS POSITIVE and Peak TL-BS POSITIVEand the away parameters -Mean TL-BS NEGATIVE and Peak TL-BS NEGATIVE , respectively.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Relations Between Traditional BS and Trial-Level AB Parameters.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS demonstrated phasic bursts of differential attentional allocation over time as well as evidence of fluctuating temporal variability ranging from AB towards to away from motivationally-relevant aversive and appetitive stimuli.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional BS demonstrated very low levels of split-half reliability (r Spearman = .06,n.s.), whereas TL-BS parameters demonstrated overall higher levels of reliability [Mean TL-BS POSITIVE (r Spearman = .67,p < .01);Mean TL-BS NEGATIVE (r Spearman = .58,p < .01);Peak TL-BS POSITIVE ( r Spearman = .44,p < .01;Peak TL-BS NEGATIVE (r Spearman = .31,p < .05);TL-BS Variability (r Spearman = .46,p < .”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Split-Half Reliability of Traditional BS and Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that traditional BS demonstrated: (a) no association with TL-BS away parameters; (b) a small association with TL-BS Variability; and (c) moderate relations with TL-BS towards parameters.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, as in Experiment 1, we were able to derive the same initial candidate parameters reflecting the time-series trial-level AB expression over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the magnitude and direction of peaks vary within-and between-participants, as does the degree of temporal variability.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional Computation of Attentional Bias.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, traditional BS demonstrated no significant association with TL-BS away parameters; a small association with TL-BS Variability (r = .31);and only moderate relations with TL-BS towards parameters (r's = .49to .55).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Relations Between Traditional BS and Trial-Level AB Parameters.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, neither mean RT on neutral trials nor”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“observed individual differences in AB expression through TL-BSs revealed that the amplitude and direction of peaks vary within-and between-participants, as does the degree of temporal variability.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in Experiment 1, TL-BS demonstrated phasic bursts of differential attentional allocation over time as well as evidence of fluctuating temporal variability ranging from AB towards and/or away from smoking images.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Experiment 2 Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Traditional Bias Score (BS) was computed by subtracting mean CT from mean IT RTs (MacLeod & Mathews, 1988).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Traditional Computation of Attentional Bias.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Mathews, 1988
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on this interview, one participant did not meet the criteria for spider phobia and was excluded.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Participants
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The FSQ has high internal consistency and good test-retest stability, and adequately discriminate phobic from non-phobic populations (Muris & Merckelbach, 1996).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Materials & Apparatus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Muris & Merckelbach, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, research to-date has not directly tested these assumptions nor attempted to evaluate the expression of AB concurrent with its expression in time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the beginning of the baseline session, all participants were screened for spider phobia with the Dutch version of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV; Brown, DiNardo, & Barlow, 1994; Dutch translation by Bouman, de Ruiter, & Hoogduin, 1995).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown, DiNardo, & Barlow, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Bouman, de Ruiter, & Hoogduin, 1995
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, in contrast to more heterogeneous clinical populations (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder) or threat-related stimuli, extant theory would predict a stable or static signal of AB in this sample.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > EXPERIMENT 1 Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Put differently, it is thought that each trial reflects an equivalent sample from the same underlying stable trait-like signal of AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anxiogenic stimuli relevant to the specific clinical population provide a strong experimental context to rigorously test the novel hypothesis about AB temporal dynamics.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > EXPERIMENT 1 Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, normative and dysregulated selective attention is a psychological process expressed repeatedly and continuously over time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described in the Introduction, computation of TL-BS enables quantification of novel parameters of AB expression in time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Trial-Level Attentional Bias: Quantitative Parameters. As described in the Introduction, computation of TL-BS enables quantification of novel parameters of AB expression in time.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second related corollary justifying extant quantification of AB is that each person may either express AB towards or away from motivationally-relevant stimuli.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS may be further quantified to parameters that may capture novel dynamic features of AB expression, and thus allow empirical tests of TL-BS significance and importance.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These types of parameters of TL-BS may include: individual differences in phasic bursts or”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, based on our theorizing regarding the dynamics of AB expression, we identified 3 candidate parameters of trial-level AB that permit direct study of TL-BS or AB in time, comparison of TL-BS parameters between groups, relative to correlates, etc.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Trial-Level Attentional Bias: Quantitative Parameters. As described in the Introduction, computation of TL-BS enables quantification of novel parameters of AB expression in time.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, 10 of the 45 participants asked to re-schedule session 2 -this may be due to difficulty in initiating or maintaining the 18-hour smoking deprivation or for unrelated reasons; all of these participants then successfully completed session 2.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Participants
plainn = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in Experiment 1, the controlled context-specific appetitive motivational-relevance of the stimuli provides a rigorous context to explore the stability of AB expression in time.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > EXPERIMENT 2 Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CO < 6 PPM indicate that the participant had not smoked in the past 18-hours and eligible for session 2 (Shoptaw et al., 2002).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Session 2: Experimental Task Under Deprivation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shoptaw et al., 2002
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The visual emotional dot probe task (MacLeod et al., 1986) was used to measure AB.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Attentional Bias Measurement.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Split-half reliability is predominantly examined in the field of AB by randomly splitting task items/trials into two halves (Waechter et al., 2014;Schmukle et al., 2005).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Split-Half Reliability of Traditional BS and Trial-Level AB Parameters.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waechter et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Schmukle et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in the case of the TL-BS approach, as in many other behavioral paradigms (e.g.Implicit Association Task), order of trials in time is crucial.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Split-Half Reliability of Traditional BS and Trial-Level AB Parameters.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings indicate that traditional BS estimation does not likely represent a more valid,”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the computation of TL-BS requires no change in the standard use of the Dot-Probe task, as the input for the calculation is simply RTs and trial type (CT/IT) as in the traditional mean BS estimation.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias 28
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, TL-BS may also be readily preformed for all related tasks (e.g., modified -spatial cueing,visual search, -stroop, etc.) in which AB is sampled repeatedly over time, in temporally contiguous contrasting trials (e.g., congruent/valid vs. incongruent/invalid vs. neutral).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the computational methodology used to estimate TL-BS or AB in time in the reported experiments represent only one of multiple potential related approaches.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias 28
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TL-BS is thus a sequential, signal-like series of IT-CT difference scores that reflect AB estimations in timeconcurrent with the expressed repeated allocation of attention.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias 28
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: AB expression can be modeled as a time-series signal.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Two temporally contiguous trials are more likely reflective of the same AB signal than are two more temporally distal trials.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note that the TL-BS computation may be readily preformed on any dot probe task data.”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to permit sufficient measurement samples of the temporal dynamics AB and to optimally compute parameters of AB dynamics, the TL-BS computation necessitates a minimum number of trials (e.g., we estimate at least 40 not including neutral trials)”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, to compute split-half reliability of the TL-BS parameters, twice as many trials are likely needed (e.g., 80 trials).”
§ RUNNING HEAD: Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias Temporal Dynamics of Attentional Bias > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
AB expression can be modeled as a time-series signal.
“the time-series assumption of AB expression”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Two temporally contiguous trials are more likely reflective of the same AB signal than are two more temporally distal trials.
“the assumption that two temporally contiguous trials (e.g., trial 8 and 9) are more likely reflective of the same AB signal than are two more temporally distal trials (e.g., trial 8 and trial 18).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Regression analyses indicated that fear disorder was independently associated with greater AB variability at 200 ms and 500 ms (which suggested rapid fluctuations between vigilance and avoidance), and also with increased AB to threat on the standard AB index at 200 ms, but not 500 ms.”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Zvielli et al., 2014
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(62) = 12.59reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t (62) = 12.59, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 · Cited by 5,815
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · cited 3×
“Such temporal dynamics may reflect attentional dyscontrol (Bishop, 2008; Bishop, Duncan, Brett, & Lawrence, 2004; Derryberry & Reed, 2002; Eysenck et al., 2007) or controlled efforts to regulate emotional responding (i.e., readjust attentional allocation; Heeren, De Raedt, Koster, & Philippot,…”
BackgroundThreat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study.
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1 · Cited by 3,721
Guided Search 2.0 A revised model of visual search
Wolfe, J. M. (1994) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03200774 · Cited by 3,645
Attentional bias in emotional disorders
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15 · Cited by 3,152
Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147 · cited 1×
“Second, we hypothesized greater levels of TL-BS toward spider stimuli will discriminate between spider phobics and healthy controls (Lavy, Van den Hout, & Arntz, 1993; Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001; Öhman & Mineka, 2001).”
BackgroundA cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Bouman T. K., 1991, Gedragstherapie, 24, 77
- Brown T. A., 1994, Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Client interview schedule
- Lang P. J., 1997, Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes, 97
- Schneider W., 2002, E-prime: User’s guide
- 10.1037/a0034834 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.001 · Cited by 313
Attention bias modification for social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Heeren, A., Mogoașe, C., Philippot, P., & McNally, R. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.001 · Cited by 312
Unreliability as a threat to understanding psychopathology: The cautionary tale of attentional bias.
Rodebaugh, T. L., Scullin, R. B., Langer, J. K., Dixon, D. J., Huppert, J. D., Bernstein, A., Zvielli, A., & Lenze, E. J. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000184 · Cited by 312
Self-citationAttentional bias for threat: Crisis or opportunity?
McNally, R. J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.005 · Cited by 272
Mogg, K., Waters, A. M., & Bradley, B. P. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617696359 · Cited by 215
Metadata
- Authors
- Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., & Koster, E. H. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10-08
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 772-788
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- OpenAlex
- W2321542948
- Semantic Scholar
- 22d786bba0e94fb96f717684133a2e227db89e0a
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 27.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Psychology Beyond Borders
- European Commission
- Council for Higher Education
- University of Haifa
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- attentional bias, temporal dynamics, emotional attention, dot-probe task, spider phobia, smoking, smoking cessation, psychopathology, addiction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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