Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders
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Self-archived author copy of a scholarly work originally published in American Journal of Psychiatry (2010), made available through Wesleyan University's digital collections.
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RDoC does not directly cover NSRP because it emphasizes more molecular components.
“alternative nosological systems that are showing promise, such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC; Insel et al., 2010) initiative at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), also do not directly address NSRP phenomena given their focus on more molecular components (e.g., attention, working memory, learning processes), which are likely constituent mechanisms of NSRP but not specific to it”
From What, me worry and ruminate about dsm-5 and rdoc? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing (2013) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
The RDoC framework discussion (Am J Psychiatry 167:7, July 2010) identifies neural circuitry as its primary focus and includes working memory as an example, supporting the claim that RDoC examines constituent mechanisms. But the paper does not discuss NSRP or say whether RDoC directly addresses it. It also includes individual, family, and social-context levels, so the claim's characterization of its focus as molecular is too narrow. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredED has been included in the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework as a core dimension in understanding psychopathology.
“As a result, ED has been included in the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework as a core dimension in understanding psychopathology [38].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
In the RDoC framework discussion (Am J Psychiatry 167:7, July 2010; page not specified), the paper gives negative emotionality as an example of a broad domain of function. It does not identify ED (emotional dysregulation) as an included construct or a core dimension, so the more specific claim is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe assumption that mental problems reflect the expression of a latent disease entity has dominated psychiatric nosology.
“The assumption that mental problems reflect the expression of a latent disease entity has dominated psychiatric nosology, with the distinction being one of tactics, whether it is using psychoanalytic principles as in the early days of the DSM, or identifying syndromes, or developmental neurobiology as in the case of the Research Domain Criteria 124 .”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [124]
In the RDoC assumptions section (Am J Psychiatry 167:7, July 2010; page not specified in our copy), the paper conceptualizes mental illnesses as brain-circuit disorders, supporting the claim as applied to RDoC. It does not establish that a latent-disease assumption dominated psychiatric nosology historically or describe early DSM psychoanalytic principles as an instance of that assumption. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe DSM-5 is going to place emphasis on psychopathological dimensions, and this may be a useful step forward.
“The DSM-5 is going to place emphasis on psychopathological dimensions, and this may be a useful step forward (72).”
From Pediatric psychopharmacology: Too much or too little? (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
The RDoC discussion (Am J Psychiatry 167:7, July 2010; page not specified in our copy) advocates studying the full range of psychopathological dimensions and suggests this could help identify intervention thresholds. It does not say that DSM-5 is going to emphasize those dimensions; its dimensional proposal concerns RDoC research. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), in its Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework matrix, has recently proposed the incorporation of a new Sensorimotor Systems domain, composed of subconstructs such as Motor Actions, Agency and Ownership and Habits.
“The National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), in its Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework matrix [76 -79], has recently proposed the incorporation of a new Sensorimotor Systems domain, composed of sub constructs such as Motor Actions, Agency and Ownership and Habits [80 -82]”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [77]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The categorical approach enhanced the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, but it has not advanced understanding of underlying mechanisms.
“This categorical approach enhanced the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, but it has not advanced our understanding of underlying mechanisms (Insel et al., 2010; Cuthbert and Insel, 2013).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
The opening section says current DSM and ICD versions facilitated reliable clinical diagnosis, supporting the first part of the claim. It also says their categories fail to align with neuroscience and genetics findings and may not capture underlying mechanisms. That supports the concern about mechanisms, but not the categorical assertion that this approach has not advanced understanding at all. The copy does not provide a page number for this passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDysfunctions in cognitive core processes underpin the fundamental behavioral components that are coupled to different psychiatric states.
“Dysfunctions in these processes underpin the fundamental behavioral components that are coupled to different psychiatric states (Insel et al., 2010; Cuthbert and Insel, 2013).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
In the RDoC framework discussion (Am J Psychiatry 167:7, July 2010; page not identified in our copy), Insel et al. describe mental illness in terms of dysfunctional neural circuits and give examples of circuitry–behavior relationships, including executive function. They also include cognition as a domain of function. The paper presents these as assumptions guiding research, however, rather than establishing that dysfunctions in cognitive processes underpin the behavioral components of different psychiatric states. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe three categories of transdiagnostic interventions can be seen as progressively closer approximations to RDoC, with methods becoming more unified and less tied to diagnostic categories from modular/common elements to mechanistically transdiagnostic.
“These categories may be viewed as successive approximations towards a protocol that is more in line with the National Institute of Health Research Domain Criteria [RDoC; [21]]; as we move from the modular/common elements approach to the mechanistically transdiagnostic approach, the methodologies become incrementally more unified and move further away from diagnostic categories.”
From Emergence of Transdiagnostic Treatments for PTSD and Posttraumatic Distress (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
A similar approach has already been advocated by the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria, recommending a dimensional rather than categorical approach to understanding mental illness and its early determinants on various levels, from the neural to the behavioral.
“A similar approach has already been advocated e.g., by the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria [92], recommending a dimensional rather than categorical approach to understanding mental illness and its early determinants on various levels, from the neural to the behavioral.”
From Mediators of outcome in adolescent psychotherapy and their implications for theories and mechanisms of change: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [92]
The US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has initiated the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to provide a system independent of DSM and ICD.
“It is notable that the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has initiated the Research Domain Criteria [67] (with many of the above domains covered) to provide a system independent of DSM and ICD.”
From Subgrouping the Autism Spectrum: Reflections on DSM-5 (2013) · cites this paper as [67]
A developmental perspective on emerging psychopathology is rarely explicitly addressed in alternatives such as RDoC and HiTOP.
“a developmental perspective on emerging psychopathology is rarely explicitly addressed (but see [71, 72])”
From Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap (2023) · cites this paper as [69]
The NIMH RDoC initiative attempts to advance psychiatry by creating a classification system that integrates biological and behavioral data instead of relying only on clinical impression and subjective symptom report.
“The NIMH RDoC initiative is an attempt to move the field of psychiatry forward by creating a classification system that integrates biological and behavioral data rather than solely relying on the clinical impression and subjective symptom report”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
RDoC uses molecular, brain-circuit, behavioral, and symptom levels of analysis to define constructs assumed to be core symptoms of mental disorders.
“Thus, the RDoC initiative uses different units of levels of analysis (molecular, brain circuit, behavioral and symptom level) in order to define constructs that are assumed to be the core symptoms of mental disorders”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
The bio-bias is reflected in the statement that mental illnesses are brain disorders.
“This “bio-bias” is reflected in the statement by the former director of NIMH that “mental illnesses are brain disorders” (Insel et al., 2010, p. 749).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
RDoC emerged as an attempt to move psychiatry forward by turning toward more basic processes.
“the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC; Insel et al., 2010) initiative emerged as an attempt to move the field of psychiatry forward by turning in a more basic process direction.”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
RDoC incorporates five domains, organized from cells to systems, for grounding psychiatric disease in neuroscience research.
“RDoC incorporates five domains, organized from cells to systems, for grounding psychiatric disease in neuroscience research.”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Most phenotypes in neurobiological studies are based on clinical and behavioural symptomatology rather than biological mechanism or aetiology.
“most phenotypes are based on clinical and behavioural symptomatology rather than on biological mechanism or aetiology22–24.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
The NIH has proposed the RDoC framework, which advocates for revisions to diagnostic systems that define neurobiologically separable categories for mental health disorders.
“The NIH has proposed the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, which instead advocates for revisions to diagnostic systems that define neurobiologically separable categories for mental health disorders (Insel et al., 2010).”
From Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
Psychopathology is hierarchically structured, with a general p factor contributing to higher-order externalizing and internalizing dimensions that subdivide into more specific dimensions.
“A growing body of research indicates that psychopathology is hierarchically structured with a general psychopathology factor (p factor) contributing to higher-order externalizing and internalizing dimensions that subdivide into more specific dimensions [22,23,83,84].”
From Advancing the study of sluggish cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework focuses on specific characteristics or phenotypic traits that may be shared across conditions but grounded in a common neurobiological process.
“This Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, advocated by the National Institutes of Mental Health (Insel et al., 2010), focuses on specific characteristics or phenotypic traits that may be shared across conditions but that may be grounded in a common neurobiological process.”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
Recent emphases in psychiatric research have advocated a shift away from strict diagnostic criteria toward a dimensional-based perspective.
“recent emphases in psychiatric research have advocated a shift away from a slavish adherence to strict diagnostic criteria and have instead suggested a more nuanced dimensional-based perspective toward elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of psychiatric disease.”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
The ultimate aim of RDoC is to find new ways of classifying psychiatric diseases based on multiple dimensions of biology and behavior, reducing heterogeneity in clinical cohorts, improving the neurobiological validity of disease classifications, and enabling more effective, personalized treatments.
“The ultimate aim of RDoC is to find “new ways of classifying psychiatric diseases based on multiple dimensions of biology and behavior” (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/index.shtml)—reducing heterogeneity in clinical cohorts; improving the neurobiological validity of disease classifications; and enabling more effective, personalized treatments.”
From Understanding heterogeneity in clinical cohorts using normative models: Beyond case-control studies (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria initiative encourages researchers to link symptom dimensions with biological systems, cutting across diagnostic classifications.
“In response to this problem, the National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative (2), which encourages researchers to link symptom dimensions with biological systems, cutting across diagnostic classifications.”
From Understanding heterogeneity in clinical cohorts using normative models: Beyond case-control studies (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Anxiety and depression can be conceptualized along partially distinct biobehavioral dimensions of positive and negative affect domains.
“Recent efforts to integrate advances in neuroscience with clinical psychiatry suggest that anxiety and depression can be conceptualized along partially distinct biobehavioral dimensions of positive and negative affect domains7, 8”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: <scp>Taylor et al.</scp> (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
The current findings have clinical implications for emerging dimensional classification systems wherein the positive affect system is hypothesized to play a role across various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety and depression.
“The current findings have clinical implications for emerging dimensional classification systems wherein the positive affect system is hypothesized to play a role across various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety and depression7, 8.”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: <scp>Taylor et al.</scp> (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Depression involves elevations in negative valence system (NVS) functioning and reductions in positive valence system (PVS) functioning.
“Two core features of depression are elevations in negative valence system (NVS) functioning and reductions in positive valence system (PVS) functioning.”
From Bringing light into darkness: A multiple baseline mixed methods case series evaluation of Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT) (2019) · cites this paper as Insel et al., 2010
The NIMH has recently proposed the Research Domain Criterion initiative, which views neurocognitive deficits as being present dimensionally across neuropsychiatric disorders.
“The NIMH has recently proposed the Research Domain Criterion initiative (119), which views neurocognitive deficits as being present dimensionally across neuropsychiatric disorders.”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [119]
Sensory processing measures are included within the Research Domain Criterion initiative.
“Sensory processing measures are included within this initiative”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 748-751
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1977465442
- Semantic Scholar
- 1305d0aac3cdba2c695fc4326310966d0c2ad8b2
- Cited by
- 7,067
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 457 · 2025: 438 · 2024: 603 · 2023: 483 · 2022: 510 · 2021: 600 · 2020: 645 · 2019: 597 · 2018: 520 · 2017: 529 · 2016: 452 · 2015: 478 · 2014: 315 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 117
- FWCI
- 1123.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- works.bepress.com
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Wesleyan University Digital Collections (Wesleyan University) (submittedVersion)
- Wesleyan University Digital Collections (Wesleyan University) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- WESLEYAN
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- Research Domain Criteria, mental illness, classification framework, psychiatric classification, dimensional classification, mental health research
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.), United States, Biomedical Research
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