“ I Have Actually not Lost any Adolescent Since I Started Engaging Them one on one :” Training Satisfaction and Subsequent Practice among Health Providers Participating in a Standardized Patient Actor Training to Improve Adolescent Engagement in HIV Care
Open accessAbstract
Background: Poor health care worker (HCW) interactions with adolescents negatively influence engagement in HIV care. We assessed the impact of standardized patient actor training on HCW competence in providing adolescent HIV care in Kenya. Methods: We conducted pre-post cross-sectional surveys and qualitative exit interviews during a stepped wedge randomized trial. Cross-sectional surveys assessed self-rated competence in providing adolescent services before and after the intervention, and training satisfaction. In-depth interviews with a subset of HCW participants one year after training. Results: Over 90% of HCWs reported satisfaction with the training and there was significant improvement in self-rated competence scores (mean = 4.63 [highest possible score of 5] post-training vs 3.86 pre-training, p < 0.001). One-year following training, HCWs reported using skills in patient-centered communication and structuring an adolescent clinical encounter. Conclusions: This SP training intervention improved self-rated competence and showed sustained perceived impact on HCW skills in adolescent HIV service provision one year later.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Okinyi et al. (2022) had a duration of 9 months.
“9 months”
From Applications and implementation considerations for stepped-wedge designs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Methods > Population and Setting says the training waves were 9 months apart, not that the study lasted 9 months. Methods > Study Design describes a 5-year trial, with data collected between 2016 and 2019; participants were interviewed about one year after training. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOkinyi et al. (2022) used a stepped wedge design with four steps.
“4”
From Applications and implementation considerations for stepped-wedge designs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Okinyi et al. (2022) included 24 clusters.
“24”
From Applications and implementation considerations for stepped-wedge designs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 · Cited by 12,033 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- [2]Zanoni BC Archary M Buchan S Katz IT Haberer JE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa: the cresting wave. BMJ Global Health. 2016; 1(3): e000004. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000004 PMC5321340 28588949 · DOI
- [3]Meloni S Chaplin B Chang C Rawizza H Okonkwo P Kanki P. Patterns of adherence and loss to follow-Up in pediatric patients on ART in Nigeria. Current HIV Research. 2015; 13(3): 210– 218. doi: 10.2174/1570162x1303150506183921 25986372 · DOI
- [5]Reif LK McNairy ML Lamb MR Fayorsey R Elul B. Youth-friendly services and differentiated models of care are needed to improve outcomes for young people living with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2018; 13(3): 249– 256. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000454 29432230 · DOI
- [6]Williams S Renju J Ghilardi L Wringe A. Scaling a waterfall: a meta-ethnography of adolescent progression through the stages of HIV care in sub-saharan Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017; 20(1): 21922. doi: 10.7448/IAS.20.1.21922 28953326 PMC5640312 · DOI
- [7]Newton-Levinson A Leichliter JS Chandra-Mouli V. Help and care seeking for sexually transmitted infections among youth in low-and middle-income countries. Sex Transm Dis. 2017; 44(6): 319– 328. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000607 28499280 PMC5434953 · DOI · Paper page
- [8]Denno DM Hoopes AJ Chandra-Mouli V. Effective strategies to provide adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and to increase demand and community support. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2015; 56(1): S22– S41. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.012 25528977 · DOI
- [9]Kidman R Waidler J Palermo T, et al. Uptake of HIV testing among adolescents and associated adolescent-friendly services. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020; 20(1): 881. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05731-3 32943066 PMC7499858 · DOI
- [10]Zanoni BC Sibaya T Cairns C Lammert S Haberer JE. Higher retention and viral suppression with adolescent-focused HIV clinic in South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(12): e0190260. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190260 29287088 PMC5747481 · DOI
- [11]Njuguna I Neary J Mburu C, et al. Clinic-level and individual-level factors that influence HIV viral suppression in adolescents and young adults: a national survey in Kenya. AIDS (London, England). 2020; 34(7): 1065– 1074. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002538 PMC7274775 32287060 · DOI
- [12]Kenya MOH. National guidelines for provision of adolescent youth-friendly services in Kenya. Second Edition. National Guidelines for the provision of Adolescent Youth -Friendly Services (YFS) in Kenya. Published online 2016.
- [13]Teasdale CA Alwar T Chege D Fayorsey R Hawken MP Abrams EJ. Impact of youth and adolescent friendly services on retention of 10-24-year-olds in HIV care and treatment programs in nyanza, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016; 71(2): e56– e59. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000877 PMC5466163 26505330 · DOI
- [14]Pilgrim N Jani N Mathur S, et al. Provider perspectives on PrEP for adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: the role of provider biases and quality of care. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(4): e0196280. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196280 29702659 PMC5922529 · DOI
- [15]Noordman J Post B Van Dartel AAM Slits JMA Olde Hartman TC. Training residents in patient-centred communication and empathy: evaluation from patients, observers and residents. BMC Med Educ. 2019; 19(1): 128. doi: 10.1186/s12909-019-1555-5 31046756 PMC6498499 · DOI
- [16]Bond WF Gonzalez HC Funk AM, et al. Deliberate practice with standardized patient actors and the development of formative feedback for advance care planning facilitators. J Palliat Med. 2017; 20(6): 631– 637. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2016.0431 28085541 · DOI
- [17]Wilson KS Mugo C Bukusi D, et al. Simulated patient encounters to improve adolescent retention in HIV care in Kenya: study protocol of a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017; 18(1): 619. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-2266-z 29282109 PMC5745919 · DOI
- [18]Mugo C Wilson K Wagner AD, et al. Pilot evaluation of a standardized patient actor training intervention to improve HIV care for adolescents and young adults in Kenya. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV. 2019; 31(10): 1250– 1254. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2019.1587361 PMC6663595 30810351 · DOI
- [19]Karman E Wilson KS Mugo C, et al. Training exposure and self-rated competence among HIV care providers working with adolescents in Kenya. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2020; 19: 2325958220935264– 2325958220935264. doi: 10.1177/2325958220935264 32588709 PMC7322818 · DOI
- [22]Williamson K Given LM Scifleet P. Qualitative data analysis. In: Research Methods: Information, Systems, and Contexts. 2nd Edn. 2018: 453– 476. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102220-7.00019-4 · DOI
- [23]Hsieh HF Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005; 15(9): 1277– 1288. doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687 16204405 · DOI · Paper page
- [24]Zendejas B Brydges R Wang AT Cook DA. Patient outcomes in simulation-based medical education: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2013; 28(8): 1078– 1089. doi: 10.1007/s11606-012-2264-5 23595919 PMC3710391 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kohler, P. K., Mugo, C., Wilson, K. S., Moraa, H., Onyango, A., Tapia, K., Pike, K., Mburu, C., Nduati, M., Guthrie, B., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001765 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMusa, Z. A., Akinsolu, F. T., Salako, A. O., Abodunrin, O. R., Ola, O. M., & Ezechi, O. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Epidemiology · doi:10.3389/fepid.2026.1529289
- Authors
- Okinyi, H. M., Wachira, C. M., Wilson, K. S., Nduati, M. N., Onyango, A. D., Mburu, C. W., Inwani, I. W., Owens, T. L., Bukusi, D. E., John-. Stewart, G. C., Wamalwa, D. C., & Kohler, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Nairobi (KE)
- Kenyatta National Hospital (KE)
- Howard University (US)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 21
- Pages
- 23259582221075133-23259582221075133
- ISSN
- 2325-9574 (ISSN-L)
- 2325-9582
- PMC
- PMC8793424
- OpenAlex
- W4207020624
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 HD085807)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- health professions education, training satisfaction, patient-centered communication, Kenya
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Personnel, Humans, Personal Satisfaction, HIV Infections, Patient Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
