The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toxicological assessment of Euglena gracilis strain Eu029 shows no adverse effects in vivo and in vitro
Open accessAbstract
Euglena gracilis is a single-celled organism capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy. Euglena sp. have long been studied in the laboratory for its metabolic pathways, cell motility, and ease of culture. The safety of E. gracilis strain eu029 (EG029) for use as a food ingredient was assessed in a bacterial reverse mutagenesis assay (Ames), rec assay, in vivo micronucleus assay, acute toxicity study in mice, 13-week toxicology in rats, and a teratology study in mice and rats. EG029 was not genotoxic. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in the 13-week study was greater than 1000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. Teratogenicity studies did not find any defects in fetal development or effects to maternal health in rats at 1000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Spirulina and Chlorella are widely understood to be free of these harmful toxins and rendered Generally Recognized as Safe by the FDA.
“Fortunately, Spirulina and Chlorella are widely understood to be free of these harmful toxins and rendered “Generally Recognized as Safe” by the FDA [25,55].”
Euglena strains have demonstrated safety, passing acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, and teratogenic studies.
“Euglena strains have also demonstrated safety, passing acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, and teratogenic studies [55].”
Citations
Cites
Teratology: Principles and Techniques.
(1965) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-63-2-355_3 · Cited by 767
Microalgae for “Healthy” Foods-Possibilities and Challenges
Chacón‐Lee, T. L., & González‐Mariño, G. E. (2010) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00132.x · Cited by 428
Kada, T., Tutikawa, K., & Sadaie, Y. (1972) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/0027-5107(72)90177-7 · Cited by 298
Wallis, J. G., & Browse, J. (1999) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1167 · Cited by 132
O’Neill, E. C., Trick, M., Hill, L. M., Rejzek, M., Dusi, R. G., Hamilton, C. J., Zimba, P. V., Henrissat, B., & Field, R. A. (2015) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c5mb00319a · Cited by 131
Euglena gracilis paramylon activates human lymphocytes by upregulating pro‐inflammatory factors
Russo, R., Barsanti, L. A., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A. M., Longo, V. G., Pucci, L., Penno, G., & Gualtieri, P. (2016) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.383 · Cited by 97
Identification of euglenophycin – A toxin found in certain euglenoids
Zimba, P. V., Moeller, P. D. R., Beauchesne, K. R., Lane, H. E., & Triemer, R. E. (2009) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.004 · Cited by 76
Taxon-rich multigene phylogeny of the photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenophyceae)
Kim, J. I., Linton, E. W., & Shin, W. (2015) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00098 · Cited by 43
Shimada, R., Fujita, M., Yuasa, M., Sawamura, H., Watanabe, T., Nakashima, A., & Suzuki, K. (2016) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c6fo00606j · Cited by 41
Self-citationAemiro, A., Watanabe, S., Suzuki, K., Hanada, M., Umetsu, K., & Nishida, T. (2015) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.12.010 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Nishimura K, 1974, Congenit Anomalies, 14, 23
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mantecón, L., Moyano, R., Cameán, A. M., & Jos, A. M. (2019) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110810 · Cited by 34
Keller, R. J., Porter, W., Goli, K., Rosenthal, R., Butler, N., & Jones, J. A. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11080844 · Cited by 23
“Fortunately, Spirulina and Chlorella are widely understood to be free of these harmful toxins and rendered “Generally Recognized as Safe” by the FDA [25,55].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Symonds, J. M., Beauchamp, N., Takeuchi, T., Yamada, K., Atsuji, K., Asayama, Y., Suzuki, K., & Kruger, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Chromadex Spherix Consulting, Rockville, MD, USA
- Euglena Co., Ltd. (Japan) (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kruger, Claire L
- Venue
- Toxicology Research and Application
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-01-01
- Volume
- 2
- ISSN
- 2397-8473 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2794173802
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Toxicology Research and Application (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties
- Keywords
- Euglena gracilis, food safety assessment, genotoxicity, Ames test, micronucleus test, acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, teratogenicity, no-observed-adverse-effect level
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
