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Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China
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(1993). Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China. Journal of Chinese Religions: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 13-44.
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99 Own interpretation · 58 No basis given · 21 Own result · 13 Sources not found · 8 Not checked yet
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“Wan:yong zhengzong (Correct source for a myriad of uses) is a popular encyclopedia pub, lished in Fujian in 1599.) 8 The book is valuable for being the only surviving example of this genre to include a chapter on institutional religions, entitled Sengdao men”
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“Zhu argues that Buddhism and Taoism are useful adjuncts to kingly rule, for they can persuade the igno' rant, who would otherwise be unmoved by Confucian appeals to goodness.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“At least as early as the third century, Buddhists were obliged to fight against indigenous challenges for the right of the new religion to have a place within the old.They did so by speaking in terms of its commonalities with Taoism and Confucianism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“Precise dating for the first appearance of these phrases has not been determined, but none of them can be attested before the Yuan dynasty.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“It is in the Yuan dynasty that we find the first attempts to narrate the interactive relation, ship among the Three Teachings.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“Between the middle of the sixteenth century and the second quarter of the seven~ teenth, the monks at Upper Tianzhu constructed no fewer than five halls of worship to non~Buddhist deities on the monastery's grounds.”
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“Liu Mi, in a subsequently influ .. ential essay of 1324, asserts that”
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“The association of the three belonging to a common cate, gory had come into being prior to the Tang dynasty”
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“The essay, entitled Sanjioo tun (On the Three Teachings),'8 restates the argument of Liu Mi that each teaching is best suited to a particular clientele and that none can therefore be dispensed with.”
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“SlOne finds this sort of argument being made by Qing observers.”
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“When the prefect had the shrine restored in 1608, he discovered that the Buddhist monk caretaking the property (most caretakers in such shrines were Buddhist monks) had placed a statue of the Buddha in the main hall along with the tablet conse, crated to Wang, enabling worshippers to pray to both.”
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“The emperor chooses to characterize the Three Teachings less as religious philosophies or world views than as techniques of management, shu.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“Once again, there is absolutely no indication in contemporary texts that these halls of worship for non~ Buddhist figures were inappropriately sited in a Buddhist monastery.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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- Rests on an assumption: If contemporary texts do not mention that non-Buddhist worship halls in Buddhist monasteries were inappropriate, then such halls were not considered inappropriate.
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“Because of this borrowing, Zhu Xi maintained a defensive stance toward Buddhism (and Taoism)”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“Southern Song thinkers like Zhu Xi (1130~1200) experimented with clements of Buddhist ontology and epistemology to create a coherent new world view that concentrated as much on the spiritual cultivation of the self as on the perfection of moral duty.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“However these interactions may be construed, they did not yield an explicit formulation of the idea that the Three Teachings can be combined into a unity.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“Northern Song thinkers like Zhou Dunyi (l017, 73) altered the metaphysical character of Confucianism by incorporating Buddhist cosmological considerations.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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“Working from first principles, intellectuals-both those who sought to demonstrate the unity of the Three Teachings and those who were opposed to the notion--discovered that it was difficult to achieve a theoretically consistent model that would merge Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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“The five listed in the 1827 pilgrims' guidebook, Canxue ~hijin (Knowing the fords on the way to knowledge), for instance, come from Hebei, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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“Early in the sixteenth century, an annoyed county magistrate discovered that”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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“Thinkers like Huang Zongxi (1610,95) committed themselves to clearing Neo,Confucianism of overt syncretic tendencies”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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“A Qing reference to a Three Teachings Altar in Sichuan mentions vegetarian feasts being held in connection with initiation rites for sect entrants.”
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“Increasingly, however, such institutions took the name of Three Teachings Halls (Sanjiao Tang).”
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“religious insti~ tutions responded to that eclecticism by regularly incorporating cults from outside their own traditions.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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“expresses particular anxiety about seeing Confucianism overwhelmed by the flood of popular Buddhism and Taoism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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“Nonfictional sources indicate that the statue of the Buddha could take center spot,tl9 just as he could in the continuing tradi .. tion of pictures of the Three Sages.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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“From the sectarian materials that Huang Yupian, a Confucian critic of sectarianism, preserved in his Poxie xiangbian (Detailed refutation of heterodoxy), it is evident that the unity of the Three Teachings was a component of the discourse of the sectarian texts known as”
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“One conclusion of this investigation is that the high degree of interaction among the Three Teachings demonstrated from the Yuan dynasty forward is not syncretism but rather what I prefer to call a condominium of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > University of Toronto
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“These two examples reflect the devotional eclecticism that pervaded Chinese religious practice in the late~imperial period.”
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“Although this was not the intention of their founders, the teachings had become three in the course of their historical unfolding.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
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“When joint worship took this form, that is, when an external deity was simply intro, duced in an ad hoc, mechanical manner by the site's caretaker, the sect identification of the host site was not altered.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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“The degree to which the Three Teachings may be synthetically combined, or, to use Jiao's metaphor, made to run along the same riverbed, cannot be automatically derived from the perception that they point to a common ulti, mate understanding or reflect a unitary reality.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
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In the paper
“It is in this environment of ecumenical openness that phrases foreshadowing the formulation”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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- Rests on an assumption: The Mongol emperors regarded all three teachings as equally foreign and were less willing to exclude one in favor of another.
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In the paper
“Moreover, eclecticism establishes habits of interaction between religious traditions that open the way for syncretic reconciliation.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > University of Toronto
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“The famous dictum of Emperor Xiaozong (r.1163~89), IIUse Buddhism to rule the mind, Taoism to rule the body, and Confucianism to rule the world,”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
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In the paper
“The Buddhist clergy's lack of concern for denominational exclusivism in both cases does not signify syncretic combination”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“The state's anti,syncretic desire to keep cults separate may be noted in an earlier, similar case involving a shrine to the Song statesman Wang Anshi in Ningbo, where Wang had once served.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“Ming scholars who sought to explain how the Three Teachings converged were not nec~ essarily seeking to combine distinct religious world views into a single entity.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“Some, like the Shrine of the Two Worthies, evolved from other uses and hid behind names that did not signify joint wor, ship.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Third, it was a practice linked to local com~ munities, to judge from the 1744 memorial that stated that the Three Sages were wor~ shipped by the men and women living in the vicinity of the hall.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Whatever joint worship isn't, it certainly is one of the most significant developments in the history of the confluence of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism since the Song dynasty.”
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In the paper
“I have argued that the potential for syncretism was greater within popular sectarianism than it was within the separate tradi~ tions over which the elite and the state cast a coldly supervisory eye.”
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In the paper
“The semiliterate and illiterate of late' imperial China thought less about texts and the traditions that texts reinforced, than about the perilous conditions of daily life and the unitary world of divine action that they understood directed or mitigated those conditions.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“As the easy eclecticism of the sixteenth century gave way to a more sober rationalism, Li Zhi and Lin Zhaoen came under fierce attack.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“The popularity of Three Teachings Halls indicates that joint worship was widely accepted.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“The ordinary men and women who supponed the practice of joint worship were far more willing to accept diverse, even contradictory, elements from different religions into a single body of veneration, giving primacy to none.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“For them, the touchstone of belief was not true or false, Confucian or non,Confucian, but efficacious or ineffica, cious.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“Yet it was not replacement, but combination, that the a cu t t a .te viewed as particularly objectionable.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“On close examination, however, it is possible to detect in his writings an ultimate commitment to one teaching, Confucianism, over the other two.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“First of all, it indicates that joint worship of the Buddha, Lao Zi, and Confucius was common by the mid,Ming.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“Henan in particular appears to have been a major region for Three Teachings institutions.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“What is unique to the sixteenth century is the widespread creation of free,standing s lp.institutions devoted explicitly to joint worship.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Someone like Grand Secretary Yu Shenxing (1545,1608) was closer to that mainstream”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“When the state took notice, its reaction was invariably negative.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“However neatly the Chinese could map the compo~ nents of one onto the others, the identities of all three remained distinct.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“Fourth, joint worshippers came from a hroad range of social backgrounds.Not just local commoners, but a military jinshi and a gongsheng were patrons of these halls.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Indeed, I suspect that most were independent of the cult.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Despite the syn~ cretic tone in his other writings, these statements suggest an inclusivist vision similar to Li Zhi's.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“The evidence of joint worship would seem to bear this hypothesis out.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Finally, the state was opposed to this form of religious activity.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Without them, however, sanjiao heyi would not have become an issue within post,Song Neo,Confucianism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“Yet even they accepted that the unity in which the Three Teachings converged was largely Confucian.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“But not all Three Teachings Halls can be .tiedto Lin Zhaoen, either in time or space.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
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In the paper
“Yet despite this intellectual commitment to syncretism on the part of some of the intellectuals with whom Ricci was in contact, like Li Zhi, the three creeds contin~ ued to exist as independent entities.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“The intention of popular writings like the precious scrolls, perhaps even of Basic Treatises, was to project an alternative vision of the world in which the Confucian constructions of gentry rule and religious domination were denied.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 4t1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“ing the Three Teachings, as evinced by official suspicions of heterodoxy and by the irre .. solvable scholarly debates, may have contrihuted to making the idea of unity attractive to sectarian leaders seeking ways of expressing a religious challenge to orthodoxy.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“Attempts within popular religious practice to project an undifferentiated unity among the Three Teachings rested on an aspect of religious practice characteristic of the late~ imperial period.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“I would argue that the organic syntheses offered in Basic Treatises on the Learning of the Sages were rooted in the easy eclecticism of everyday folk•religious life in late~imperial China.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“Folk religion shared the lexicon of elite institutionalized religion but manipu~ lated it according to a different grammar of belief.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To the extent that the established religions were experienced as parts of the overall structure of control, syncretism represented a transcendence and a challenge to that establishment.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“The Qing mainstream thus rejected the ecumenical posture, even the syncretic openness, that some Ming thinkers had introduced in the Neo,Confucian tradition.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 75
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In the paper
“Jiao concluded that”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
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In the paper
“Popular texts from the late sixteenth century through to the nineteenth, produced by lesser literati for an audience even less schooled than themselves, evince much less anxi, ety about crossing sect boundaries and much greater willingness to let the platitudes and models of one spill over to the next.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“Although the notion of lithe unity of the Three Teachings”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
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In the paper
“In 1703, Abbot Yuanjie built the main hall at Nanchan Cloister.The chief statue was an imposing south~facing Buddha.His attendant, wielding sword and shield, was Guan Yu, the God of War.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“A local Confucian resolved the affront by paying to have Guan Yu removed to a sepa~ rate chamber on the east side of the hall.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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In the paper
“As for the elite, however, Jiao was critical of those who sought to”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Among elite Qing intellectuals, that project was effectively dead.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > 29
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although Deqing sought to demonstrate that concepts among the Three Teachings par' alleled each other, like Li Zhi, he set one creed above the others.As he put it, IIBuddhism is the one highest vehicle.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
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In the paper
“Without this kind of concession to the religious tastes of the common people, he reasoned, no one would come to the monaster~ ies.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Significantly, I think, it was into the chapter on Buddhism and Taoism, rather than into the chapter on popular practice, that the publisher chose to insert a set of short passages on the unity of the Three Teachings.40 The short texts he included speak only of the common content of the Three Teachings, following the Taizhou intellectual fashion of the 15905, and d~not propose a radical merging of”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Roughly contemporary with The Correct Source for a Myriad of Uses is an album of pic .. tures and short texts depicting deities and famous people entitled Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan (Compendium for seeking the gods in terms of the histories of the Three Teachings).The original work dates from the Yuan dynasty, but the phrase”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magistrate approved, though he said that if he could have had his way, he would have removed the Buddha statue and converted the cloister into a shrine consecrated solely to Guan Yu.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chongfu Monastery was located just outside one of the city gates of Hangzhou.Its entrance was dominated by Emperor Guan's Hall, honoring the popular God of War.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A Japanese visitor to China in the 19JOs was surprised by the shrines to non~Buddhist deities he found in Buddhist monasteries, attributing them to a pragmatic attitude on the part of the monks.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After offering a prayer to the God of War, the visitor would draw a numbered bamboo tally from a jar and then pay the monk attendant for the match .. ing numbered slip of paper on which a fortune was written out.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it annoyed the local magistrate, who imputed opportunistic motives to Yuanjie”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prefect ordered that the Buddha statue be moved out of the hall and into a side chamber.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most references to Three Teachings Halls are too brief to permit analysis of the forms of worship they hosted.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lin states unambiguously that his purpose in using the concept is lito Confucianize the Taoists and Buddhists, and broaden Confucianism to its fullest extent,”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“willing to acknowledge the teach, ings' commonalities but recognizing at the same time that they proposed fundamentally different orientations.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statue of Confucius had been brought in from a side,hall, to which the demoted officials were relegated; those of Lao Zi and the Buddha appear to have come from outside the shrine.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Butthey are widely reported in sources only as of the sixteenth century, when magistrates began to discover them existing independently of Buddhist monasteries.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magistrate ordered that the worshippers return the two original statues of the officials to their places and move the Three Sages elsewhere.In his record of the matter, he noted that his order was unpopular.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The novel ends with the building of a Three Teachings Hall, sponsored by the local lay elite but carried out, according to the novelist, with the cooperation of the entire community.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Fictional sources such as Xu jinpingmei and The Romance of the Three Teachings reliably convey actual social practice and community involvement in joint worship.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many predate it; for instance, gongsheng Lu Guangchai (1535,80) built a Three Teachings Hall in Pinghu county, Zhejiang, in the 15708, well before the cult had taken fonn.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A fuller description of a Three Teachings Hall comes from a fictional source, chapter 37 of Xu jinpingmei, the mid .. seventeenth .. century sequel to the erotic novel, Golden Lotus.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, at exactly the same time as the Yichuan case, another Shaanxi magistrate was dismayed to discover a Three Teachings Hall within his jurisdiction.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another memorial in 1836 refers to Three Teachings Halls in two northern provinces and again requests imperial proscription.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“lito cause the Taoists and Buddhists to return to Confucianism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Yet he goes on in the same passage to criticize IIthose scholars of the present age who overlook the basic incompatibility between Confucian and non, Confucian goals of cultivation.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ming thinkers who used Neo,Confucianism•to embrace Buddhism and Taoism were simply muddled.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of testimony regarding the motives people had to combine the Three Sages pre~ vents a definitive answer to this question.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The memorialist wanted these practices ended, the statues of Confucius removed to local schools or Confucian temples, and the halls converted into conventional monasteries.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gazetteer of Liangxiang county, just south of Beijing, indicates that the Three Teachings Hall there dated back at least to the seventeenth century, when it was occupied by a Taoist by the name of True Man Wang.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yu recognized that the three traditions cannot escape what their historical unfolding had made them; hence their differences were not inconsequential.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Huang, Buddhism and Taoism were lesser teachings whose contents could be entirely embraced by the truths espoused by Confucianism and enshrined in the Six Classics.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Powerful testimony to the strength of the Three Teachings Halls in north China comes from a memorial of 1744 from Henan province, which calls for their suppression.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And many were located outside Jiangnan and the southeast.Indeed, most of the references I have been able to find to these halls come from the north.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The memorialist testi .. fies that these halls housed the statues of the Buddha, Lao Zi, and Confucius, which were jointly worshipped by the men and women living in the vicinity of the hall.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Qianlong emperor issued an edict against the building of Three Teachings Halls in response to the 1744 memorial; later memori~ als of suppression were also endorsed by the court.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The best, like Wang Yangming, reinterpreted what they found in Buddhism in terms of the higher revelations given in the Confucian tradition”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“declaring it and Buddhism to be as incompatible lias ice and ash.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites J6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anony~ mous author in his own preface takes a similar tack, deploring that students of Buddhism and Taoism had come to outnumber students of Confucianism ten to one.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Confucianism is the only teaching needed to nurture good rulership above and stability below.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is uninter~ ested in their fonnal boundaries”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fragments Huang Yupian preserved are representative of the precious scroll's overall treatment of the Three Teachings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To resolve the conflict, a Three Teachings Hall was built on the convent grounds and adherents of each teaching were given equal time to lecture in the hall.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“willing to combine the three without worrying about doing violence to their original forms.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fragments Huang Yupian preserved are representative of the precious scroll's overall treatment of the Three Teachings.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same was true of state~cult and, less frequently, Taoist sites.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A text that sits uneasily between popular sectarian belief and elite orthodoxy is Shengxue tonglun (Basic treatises on the learning of the sages), a work of eclectic philosophy pre~ served in an 1854 edition.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“declares in an opening notice that he was at first unwilling to read the manuscript because he saw it was full of phrases like”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“others, like Wang Ji, became indistinguishable from Buddhists.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“creatively indifferent to received traditions”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fragments Huang Yupian preserved are representative of the precious scroll's overall treatment of the Three Teachings.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Buddhist monasteries of any size invariably housed non~Buddhist deities, and sometimes included separate shrines to them.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statue of Confucius was placed in the center of the triumvirate, so Ding says, to indicate the orthodoxy of Confucianism and the heterodoxy of the other two teachings.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Huang argues that the fundamental difference between the intellectual systems of Confucianism and other teachings is that only the former provides the knowledge of how to govem.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the fragments Huang preserves, it seems that the precious scroll does not respect Huang's distinctions among the sanjiao and treats the three as inherently the same.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fragments Huang Yupian preserved are representative of the precious scroll's overall treatment of the Three Teachings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He is unambiguous in his avowal of allegiance to the Confucian tradition, though, suspiciously, he takes the Book of Changes rather than the Analects as its highest manifestation.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
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In the paper
“His goal, he insists, is to rescue the essential truth from which the three traditions started but which they have all subsequently lost.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Devotional practice had become quite eclectic by the Ming dynasty”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“not only did Zhucheng have a Three Teachings Hall, but Ding purchased it for his private study in 1633!”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although joint worship is a religious practice characteristic of China, to my knowledge, it has gone almost unrecognized and certainly unanalyzed.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wang Yangming (1472,1529) is often credited with nourishing a syncretic impulse within late,Ming Neo,Confucians.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though yoking Guan Yu for service to the Buddha was already a well~established convention by the Ming”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it does indicate that the worship of a Buddhist deity did not preclude the worship of other deities.It was accepted that both could occur.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remained to the most synthetically minded of late,Ming thinkers, Lin Zhaoen (1517,98), to con, sider their intersubstitutability.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > 29
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The joint representation of figures associated with all Three Teachings conveys the impres .. sion that all three are similar vehicles for the same purpose, for all are equally conse .. crated to the task of instructing people in goodness.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His largely illiterate audience, whose eclectic religious consciousness led them to regard all the figures in the portraits-from Confucius to the Jade Emperor-as deities, shen, working for goodness and justice and equally available for supplication in time of need, would have agreed with this view.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The audience of the Compendium was largely illiterate.
In the paper
“Edward Ch'ien has expressed this idea by observing that for ]iao Hong, the Three Teachings were”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > 29
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edward Ch'ien
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That the Three Teachings have in common the pursuit of a Way that does not vary with the pursuit is the great ecumenical vision of Chinese religion.It is rooted in the recognition that the teachings are historically and philosophically distinct systems of thought that have accommodated and complemented, but cannot be used to replace, each other.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > 29
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The solution was thus the same as in the previous case: the physical separation of the objects of worship, with pride of place to the principal deity for which the place of worship had originally been built (and whose cult in this case the state directly supported).”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What Tao provides instead is a set of three tables of concepts mapping out logical structures for each of the teachings.”
- Also stated in: § THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY · plain
“The structures of the chans are identical, but their terminologies do not overlap.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This creative new formulation of a kind of unity among the Three Teachings in the Yuan dynasty did not derive directly from Mongol interests; but it may have been shaped by them”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Mongol emperors regarded all three teachings as equally foreign and were less willing to exclude one in favor of another.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The term condominium connotes that the Three Teachings lived together in late' imperial China with a considerable degree of harmony: equal in principle, equally available to worshippers, and free to associate and interact in a multitude of ways.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > University of Toronto
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Jonathan Haeger has argued, Neo~Confucianism succeeded through its interaction with Buddhism to rob the latter of its influence over the elite.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jonathan Haeger
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the state's recognition of Buddhism as a non,heterodox religion, however, the magistrate could not have his way.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The state's recognition of Buddhism as non-heterodox was sufficient to prevent a local magistrate from removing a Buddha statue.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presumably he was meeting opposition, certainly from Yuanjie, probably also from the people who had subscribed to the building of the hall in the first place, and perhaps also from those who worshipped at the cloister.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Editor Yu Xiangdou distinguished orthodox and popular in this fashion, out of deference to the elite convention of separating the world of formal, politically legitimate religious undertakings from the world of informal religious activities which was ever vulnerable to the charge of heterodoxy.He does not, however, go so far as to exclude the latter from consideration, which I take to be evidence”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The compiler of The Compendium for Seeking the Gods has not syncretically combined the Three Teachings in the album; but he has woven them together in a way that sug.. gests an indifference to doctrinal distinctions.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The”
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Ordinary people were chiefly concerned with gaining assistance from deities rather than with doctrinal unity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their content and editorial arrangement suggest that the unity of the Three Teachings was regarded as an issue of concern principally to the intellectuals and did not speak to the common peo, pie.It belonged to the organic world of organized religion and defined doctrine, not to the mechanical world of everyday piety.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emperor's essay reads more as a statement of ecumenical toleration than as a blue' print for syncretism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Liu's view is ecumeni, cal rather than syncretic.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But they were explicitly san (”
- Also stated in: § Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China · plain
“three”
- Also stated in: § THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY · plain
“To the degree that each defined itself in relation to the other two, it did so antithetically.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS INTO THE YUAN DYNASTY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reconciliation is hard to achieve; or, to put it more bluntly, syncretism, as I am conceiving of it, rarely happens.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > University of Toronto
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Logical contradictions inevitably arise between distinct religious systems.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inclusivist in his intention, Deqing fell back on a compartmentalist model to explain his own career, saying that he came to Buddhism through a progressive study first of Confucianism, then Taoism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By this time the Qing state had raised Guan Yu to the rank of emperor and was in the process of elevating his cult on a par with that of Confucius.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The image is literally compartmentalist.”
- Also stated in: § THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING · plain
“Wang, however, was committed to overcoming that com, partmentalization and establishing an inclusivist vision that was sympathetic to Buddhism and Taoism but accorded Neo,Confucianism the higher place.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § THE UNITY OF THE THREE TEACHINGS IN THE MING · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suppression was not thorough, how~ ever, since many local gazetteers continued to record the presence of Three Teachings Halls even after calls for their suppression.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least we can say is that the halls housed the Buddhist~Taoist~Confucian condominium more snugly than any other late~ imperial religious institution.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The very con~ cept seems to assume an imperative for doctrinal purity more appropriate to a religion like Christianity that is based on revelation, policed by a church hierarchy, and doctri~ nally unsympathetic to ecumenical interaction.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their joint worship suggests a condominium, a living together of the Three Teachings in Chinese religious life, not their merging and reconciliation.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the spread of the Three Teachings Halls from the mid~Ming forward occurred in tandem with the tendency of the Three Teachings to be drawn together intellectually, I would argue that the greater impulse for joining the Three Sages in worship derived from below and reflected a grow~ ing popular desire to tap the resources of all three.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“My impression is that the collocation of the three statues signals mutuality rather than syncretism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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In the paper
“Passionate thinkers like Li Zhi or Lin Zhaoen invoked sanjiao heyi formulations to challenge the narrow academic orthodoxy of their peers and shake them into realizing that the goal of learning was self-understanding, not self-promotion.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, I suspect that intellectuals among the people would not have infused sectarian thought with syncretic conventions intended to challenge the hegemony of the established religions.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“Combination appears not to have disturbed worshippers; in fact, it would seem that combination was regarded as enhancing the efficacy of the deities.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Neither Lin Zhaoen nor Li Zhi is representative of mainstream Ming Neo~Confucian thinking on the subject of the Three Teachings.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It was only down in the sectarian world that those visions might have actually merged into one.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
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In the paper
“Confucianism remains the highest teaching and dominates the unity in which the other two teachings must converge.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Joint worship was a matter of improving efficacy, increasing human odds against the universe.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Second, joint worship was sufficiently popular to induce the people of one county to support thirty~eight halls, and the people of another to alter the arrangement of statuary in a state~cult shrine in favor of joint worship.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to the terms of this essay, it is arguable whether either of them understood the Three T eaehings in a way that was truly syncretic.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Joint worship offended magisterial maglstra t 'ons about the good order of religious institutions.That way lay heterodoxy and expecta 1 .the ill,defined threat of subversion that heterodoxy implied to the state.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“If joint worship did not dissolve the houndaries among the three, it regarded them as insignificant in the cosmic order of things.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The focus of his inquiry was the cult of Lin Zhaoen, who preached the joint worship of the Three Sages in Fujian and whose influence spread throughout the region.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At one level, Lin Zhaoen's goal was total synthesis.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the Three Teachings were distinct, they were far from exclusive; as such, they were better able to mingle without having to merge, to coexist in an ecumenical environment rather than reconcile their differences.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Second, it implies that the Three Sages were regarded as having powers that exceeded”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Shigematsu believed that the Three Teachings Halls were mostly found in central and south China.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“If joint worship falls short of syncretism, it rests nonetheless on a social base of believers for whom syncretism was a natural tendency.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The philosophers proved incapable of devising formulations that went much beyond the basic idea that, while the truth may be absolute, the visions through which it can be glimpsed remain relative.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They were eclec~ tic in their borrowings of gestures and language, ecumenical in their toleration of other teachings, but incl~ivist in their belief that Confucianism stood as the highest repre~ sentation of truth.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In an essay published in 1939, Shigematsu Shunsho traced the origin of such halls to the Song dynasty, when some Buddhist monasteries built them as conces, sions to popular taste.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was a way of shaping given traditions to evolving devotional ends and transcending the compartments into which the elite theorized the Three Teachings, as well as transcending the political order which dictated the distinctions among them.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same impression is conveyed in a fictional source from the early seventeenth century, The Romance of the Three Teachings, which betrays the influence of Lin Zhaoen.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Fictional sources such as Xu jinpingmei and The Romance of the Three Teachings reliably convey actual social practice and community involvement in joint worship.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the urge to combine the deities from different teach, ings could be carried further, greatly to the distress of the state.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > THE THREE TEACHINGS IN MING,QING POPULAR TEXTS
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Popular belief made this challenge not only possible but powerful.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > SYNCRETISM AND CHINESE RELIGION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each was present to ensure that his particular religious tradition could be drawn on in the struggle to enlist the aid of the gods against the hostile elements of everyday life.Yet each remained distinct.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Until we discover more about the beliefs and intentions motivating the patronage of Three Teachings Halls, we will have to stop short of declaring joint~worship syncretism.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventeenth'century intellectuals would not concede even this much common ground to the Three Teachings.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First of all, it is apparent that joint worship was carried out in many places throughout China, both in the economic heanland of the Yangzi Valley and in the less developed regions of the north.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > I
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet there is a strong sense in the writing that the three are syncretically intersubstitutable”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sectarian view of religion would thus appear to be interested in a radical synthesis of the Three Teachings.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fragments Huang Yupian preserved are representative of the precious scroll's overall treatment of the Three Teachings.
In the paper
“Having no obligation to observe the doctrinal exclusiveness that orthodox Confucians felt was essential to the ideological structure of elite rule, folk religion was free to be”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that pride of place is given to Confucianism to disguise what the state might evalu~ ate as a subversive tendency in the author's thinkinJZ.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The author's assertion that”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although joint worship is a religious practice characteristic of China, to my knowledge, it has gone almost unrecognized and certainly unanalyzed.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these extravagant protestations, intended perhaps to protect the book from pro~ scription, Basic Treatises on the Learning of the Sages is at heart an ecumenical, perhaps even syncretic, book.”
§ Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China > An earlier version
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Logical contradictions inevitably arise between distinct religious systems.
“Given the inevitability of logical contradictions arising between one system and another, this disso' nance naturally resists its disappearance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The audience of the Compendium was largely illiterate.
“His largely illiterate audience, whose eclectic religious consciousness led them to regard all the figures in the portraits-from Confucius to the Jade Emperor-as deities, shen, working for goodness and justice and equally available for supplication in time of need, would have agreed with this view.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ordinary people were chiefly concerned with gaining assistance from deities rather than with doctrinal unity.
“Among ordinary people, the chief concern was, more simply, how to gain assistance from the deities populating heaven and earth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Mongol emperors regarded all three teachings as equally foreign and were less willing to exclude one in favor of another.
“The Mongols regarded all three as equally foreign teachings.”
“the Mongol emperors were less willing to exclude one in favor of any other.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If contemporary texts do not mention that non-Buddhist worship halls in Buddhist monasteries were inappropriate, then such halls were not considered inappropriate.
“Once again, there is absolutely no indication in contemporary texts that these halls of worship for non~ Buddhist figures were inappropriately sited in a Buddhist monastery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fictional sources such as Xu jinpingmei and The Romance of the Three Teachings reliably convey actual social practice and community involvement in joint worship.
“The same impression is conveyed in a fictional source from the early seventeenth century, The Romance of the Three Teachings, which betrays the influence of Lin Zhaoen.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The state's recognition of Buddhism as non-heterodox was sufficient to prevent a local magistrate from removing a Buddha statue.
“Given the state's recognition of Buddhism as a non,heterodox religion, however, the magistrate could not have his way.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The fragments Huang Yupian preserved are representative of the precious scroll's overall treatment of the Three Teachings.
“From the fragments Huang preserves, it seems that the precious scroll does not respect Huang's distinctions among the sanjiao and treats the three as inherently the same.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- Judith Berling, The S,ncretic Religion of Un Chao~en (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), p. 9.
- Gavin O'Costa, Theology and Religious Pluralism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), especially chap~ ter 3 on exclusivism and chapter 4 on inclusivism.
- For an interpretation of compartmentalism as a type of syncretism, see Edward Ch'ien, Chiao HlD\g and the RestrUCturing of Neo..confucianism in the Uue Ming (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986),pp. 117ff.
- Thomas Selover. "San..chiao: Religious Dimensions of Pacific Culture," in Religion in the Pacific Era, ed. Frank Ainn and Typer Hendricks (Paragon, 1985), pp. 102, 106, translates the phrase as "harmonization of the Three Teachings." While this rendering captures the intent of many intel~ lectuals who sought to demonstrate the mutuality of the Three Teachings, it falls shon of the full implication of he)i, which I read literally as combining or joining together to become one thing.
- Yalen Sargent, "Tchou Hi contre Ie Boudhisme," M~langes publ;is par "Instirue ~s Hauces Etudes Chinoises, vol. 1, pp. 1#156.
- Wm. Theodore de Bary, Neo--Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind#and~Heart (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 130#31.
- The struggles at court are summarized in Liu Ts'un~yen and Judith Berling, "The • Three Teachings' in the Mongol#Yuan Period," in Yuan Thought, ed. W.T. de Bary and Hok~lam Chan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), pp. 4~90. They too maintain that the Mongol conquest encouraged an unprecedented Minterflow of the ideas of the Three Teachings," though they regard the outcome of that flow as syncretism; see p. 479.
- Rao Zongyi, "Sanjiao lun yu Song Jin xueshuo" (The theory of the Three Teachings and Song# Jin scholarship), Don,xi wenhua, no. 11 (May 1968), p. 27; Liu Mi. SDnjioo pinpin lam (Viewing the Three Teachings with a balanced mind), LinI.ang mishi congslw (1888 edition), lIb;
- The tripod formula is an old one going back to at least the Tang. See Shigematsu ShunshQ "Shina sank-yoshi jo no jakan no mandai," Shien, no. 21 (July 1939), p. 135. For its use in the scrip- tures of the Luo sect in the late Ming, see Daniel Ovennyer, Folk Buddhist ReUgion: Dissenting Sects in Lace Imperial China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976), p. 134.
- The passage in which Wang uses this metaphor is translated in Liu Ts'un-yen, "Taoist Self- Cultivation in Ming Thought," in Self and Society in Ming Thought, ed. W.T. de Bary (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), pp. 317•18.
- Confucianism, ed. W. T. de Bary (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 43-48.
- Jiao Hong, Zhiran (Extraneous talk), thong, 6a, in Baoyan rang riliji (Private files from Baoyan Hall), ed. Chen Jiru (Wanli era), vol. 83.
- Li Zhi, Xu feruhu (A continuation of A Book co be Burned) (l618; repro Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1975), pp. 75-76; see also p.
- For a brief commentary on this essay, see W.T. de Bary, "Individualism and Humanitarianism in Late Ming Thought," in his Self and Societ, in Ming Thought, pp. 210-11.
- Jiao Hong, Zhiran, shang, la-b, 4a-5a; translated in pan in Ch'i~n, Chiao Hung, p. 88. 30. Ch'ien, Chiao Hung, pp. 120, 180.
- Yu Shenxing, Gushan bichen (Notes on everyday maners from Gushan) (repr. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1984), pp. 200-201.
- Huang Zongxi, "Zhang Ren'an xiansheng mu zhiming" (Epitaph for the tomb of Master Zhang Ren'an), Nanlei wending (repr. Taibei: Shijie Shuju, 1964), houji, p. 53. This passage is examined more closely in my Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Soder, in Late .. Ming China (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies. Harvard University, 1993), ch. 2.
- Appended to liu Mi, Sanjiao pingxin fun in the LinJang mishi congshu edition.
- Methods for controlling illness are reserved for the subsequent chapter (juan 41), entitled Fabingmen.
- Ye Dehui, ed., Sanjiao,..anliu soushm ddquan (1909). A Yuan edition of Sowhm guangji is men- tioned in the catalogue of the library of Mao Jin (J igu Ge). Sakai, Chuaolw tmslao, pp. 299-300, dis- cusses this book in relation to syncretism without specifying the nature of the syncretism or social base it might represent.
- Evelyn Rawski and James Watson (Berkeley: Univenity of California Press, 1985), pp. 219-54.
- Concerning Huang Yupian, see Overmyer, Folic Buddhist Religion, pp. 29 ..32.
- Huang Yupian, Pam xian&bian. reprinted in Qingshi tiJiao, no. 3 (1982), pp. 2()..21, 122.
- Regarding sectarian constructions of alternative Ilfictions" of hegemony, see Kobayashi Kazumi, "Ideology and the Road to Rebellion: The Other Side of Rent' and Tax,Resistance Struggles," in Suue and Society in Late Imperial China, ed. Linda Grove and Christian Daniels (Tokyo: University of Tole yo Press, 1984), pp. 215,43.
- Shang tianthu jiangsi thi (Gazetteer of Upper Tianzhu Monastery) (1646), 8.2b,3b. Regarding the "three officials" of the second shrine, it bears noting that the Sanguan jing (Three officials' c1as, sic) was one of the two most commonly recited Taoist texts in the late' imperial period; see Richard Smith, China's Cultural Heritage: The Ch'ing Dynasty (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983), p. 142.
- Berling, Syncretic Religion, pp. 225,26, mentions two shrines built in 1590 and 1602.
- Wang Ji, "Sanjiao tang W'; see also his Wang Lcmgxi xiansheng quanji, 20.76a,b. The county gazetteer notes a Three,in,One Chapel (Sanyi An), which mayor may nor refer ro Lu's hall; see Pinghu xianvu (1790), 10.54b, citing rhe 1689 edition.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brook, T.
- Corresponding author
- Brook, Timothy
- Venue
- Journal of Chinese Religions
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1993-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-44
- ISSN
- 0737-769X (ISSN-L)
- 2050-8999
- OpenAlex
- W2052983465
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Chinese Religions (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Keywords
- syncretism, Three Teachings, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, late imperial China, religious integration, Chinese religious history
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