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Effect of Smoking on Tissue Oxygen Supply
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in man results in tissue hypoxia. For this reason, nine smokers (more than one pack of cigarettes per day) were studied. The presence of hypoxia was assessed by measurement of red cell mass (RCM). The effect of CO on intraerythrocytic factors involved with oxygen delivery was determined by measurement of oxygen-hemoglobin affinity (P50) and of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Values were compared to those of 18 nonsmokers of similar age, sex, and race. Values for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), RCM, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell count were significantly higher in the smokers. DPG levels were unaltered, while P50 and ATP levels were significantly lower in smokers. These data suggest that chronic exposure to low levels of CO results in tissue hypoxia, probably as a result of decreased blood oxygen carrying capacity and increased blood-O2 affinity. Adaption is reflected in an increased RCM and not by intraerythrocytic changes. The response in RCM may be to levels seen in polycythemia vera, as evidenced by a value of 37.6 in one smoker whose RCM fell to normal after discontinuing cigarettes. This study indicates that smoking causes mild erythrocytosis comparable to that seen in spurious or stress polycythemia. It also suggests that chronic exposure to low levels of CO may further embarrass tissue oxygen supply in patients with anemia, heart disease, chronic lung disease, and cerebral vascular disease in whom oxygen delivery to tissues is already marginal.
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TL;DR
In nine healthy young male smokers (>1 pack/day), chronic CO exposure was associated with increased red cell mass and higher hemoglobin/hematocrit/red cell count, plus lower P50 and ATP but unchanged DPG, compared with 18 nonsmokers. The authors conclude smoking causes mild erythrocytosis consistent with tissue hypoxia from decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, without intraerythrocytic adaptation.
Key findings
- Smokers had mean carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) of 6.2% vs 1.0% in nonsmokers; eight of nine smokers had morning COHb between 4% and 6.8%, and one who smoked 2–3 packs/day had 9.2%.
- Peripheral blood values were higher in smokers: mean hematocrit 47.4% vs 45%, hemoglobin 16.6 vs 15.7 g/100 ml, red cell count 5.50 vs 5.08 × 10⁶/cu mm, and white count 7457 ± 1119 vs 5838 ± 1076/cu mm; platelet and reticulocyte counts were similar.
- Red cell mass was significantly greater in smokers: mean 31.8 vs 28.6 ml/kg, 1321 vs 1132 ml/sq m, and 14.9 vs 12.0 ml/cm (P < 0.05, < 0.001, < 0.001). Six of nine smokers had red cell mass >1300 ml/sq m vs 1 of 18 nonsmokers. One smoker with COHb 9.2% had red cell mass 1581 ml/sq m (37.6 ml/kg), which fell to 1381 ml/sq m (33 ml/kg) after 3 months of cessation, with hematocrit falling from 50% to 47% and to 45% at 6 months.
- Oxygen-hemoglobin affinity and red cell phosphates: mean P50 was 23.1 mm Hg in smokers vs 24.2 mm Hg in nonsmokers; red cell ATP was 4.50 vs 5.15 µmoles/g Hb; mean DPG was 12.7 µmoles/g Hb in both groups.
Methods
- Twenty-seven healthy white men aged 20–32 participated: 9 smokers of one or more packs/day and 18 nonsmokers of similar age, sex, and race; no subject had donated blood in the prior 6 months.
- From the same morning venous blood sample, the study measured blood counts, red cell ATP, DPG, COHb, and oxygen-hemoglobin curves; red cell mass was measured with a radioactive chromium method and expressed per kg, per cm of height, and per sq m. Arterial blood gases were measured on brachial artery blood.
- Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves were determined spectrophotometrically using a tonometer cuvette, with P50 based on at least five points. Reliability testing found a 1 mm Hg shift in P50 per 5% COHb over the 5%–20% COHb range.
Limitations
- The paper states that no correction was made for plasma trapping in red cell mass measurements, that morning COHb values represent minimum levels, and that further studies are necessary to determine the importance of smoking as a primary cause of spurious erythrocytosis.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (9 smokers, 18 controls) and all subjects were healthy white men aged 20–32, so findings may not generalize to women, older adults, nonwhite individuals, or patients with anemia, heart disease, chronic lung disease, or cerebrovascular disease—groups the authors only suggest may be at risk.
- Evident from the text: the design was cross-sectional except for one cessation case, and the smokers had significantly higher mean weight (82.3 kg vs 73.6 kg) despite slightly lower mean height; the paper notes the red cell mass difference would be more striking if expressed per lean body mass.
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In the paper
“Red cell ATP was significantly lower in smokers (4.50 , moles/g Hb) than in nonsmokers (5.15 &moles/g Hb) (Fig. 4).”
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“Platelet and reticulocyte counts were similar in both groups.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One individual who smoked two to three packs of cigarettes per day had a value of 9.2%.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In eight of nine smokers, the morning levels of COHb were between 4% and 6.8%.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 1 mm Hg shift in the P50 was found per 5% COHb in the range from 5% to 20%.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the citing paper
“Our finding that smoking increases the size and hemoglobin level of rbcs is consistent with the literature52,53 and is in keeping with carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke displacing oxygen from hemoglobin54.”
From The effect of smoking on chronic inflammation, immune function and blood cell composition (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
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In the paper
§ Oxygen-Hemoglobin Affinity and Red Cell Organic Phosphate Levels
“Red cell ATP was significantly lower in smokers (4.50 , moles/g Hb) than in nonsmokers (5.15 &moles/g Hb) (Fig. 4).”
§ DISCUSSION
“Figure: 4 Fig. 4 . Fig. 4. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) values in smokers and nonsmokers.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxygen-Hemoglobin Affinity and Red Cell Organic Phosphate Levels
“The mean value for DPG in both groups was 12.7 moles/g Hb (Fig. 5).”
§ DISCUSSION
“Figure: 5 Fig. 5 . Fig. 5. Red cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP) values in smokers and nonsmokers.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sagone, A. L., Lawrence, T., & Balcerzak, S. P.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 1973-06-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 845-851
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W24019858
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Hemoglobin structure and function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood properties and coagulation
- Keywords
- smoking, carbon monoxide, tissue hypoxia, tissue oxygen delivery, erythrocytosis, red cell mass, carboxyhemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate, polycythemia vera, polycythemia, oxygen delivery
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Adult, Age Factors, Hypoxia, Carbon Monoxide, Cell Count, Erythrocytes, Glycerophosphates, Hemoglobins, Humans, Male, Oxygen, Oxygen Consumption, Sex Factors, Smoking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-13, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-13 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
