The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Asthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes
Open accessAbstract
Endurance athletes show an increased prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effects of training on airway responsiveness, inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes. In total, 64 elite athletes (32 swimmers and 32 cold-air athletes), 32 mild asthmatic subjects and 32 healthy controls underwent allergy skin prick testing, methacholine challenge and induced sputum analysis. Overall, 69% of swimmers and 28% of cold-air athletes had airway hyperresponsiveness. Sputum neutrophil count correlated with the number of training hours per week in both swimmers and cold-air athletes. Eosinophil counts were higher in swimmers than in healthy subjects, although they were lower than in asthmatic subjects, and correlated with airway hyperresponsiveness in swimmers only. The eosinophil count in cold-air athletes was similar to that in healthy subjects. Bronchial epithelial cell count was not correlated with airway hyperresponsiveness but was significantly increased in swimmers, compared with healthy and asthmatic controls. In conclusion, the present authors observed significant airway inflammation only in competitive athletes with airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the majority of elite athletes showed evidence of bronchial epithelial damage that could possibly contribute to the development of airway hyperresponsiveness.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the lung, exposure to chlorination stressors has long been associated with a role in chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system (137, 144–148).”
From Hypochlorous Acid: From Innate Immune Factor and Environmental Toxicant to Chemopreventive Agent Targeting Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [147]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary
Bateman, E. D., Hurd, S. S., Barnes, P. J., Bousquet, J., Drazen, J. M., FitzGerald, M., Gibson, P., Ohta, K., O'Byrne, P., Pedersen, S. E., et al. (2008) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00138707 · Cited by 3,203
Induced Sputum Cell Counts in Healthy Adults
Belda, J., Leigh, R., PARAMESWARAN, K. N., O’Byrne, P. M., Sears, M. R., & HARGREAVE, F. E. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9903097 · Cited by 390
Karjalainen, E.-M., Laitinen, A., Sue‐Chu, M., Altraja, A., Bjermer, L. H., & Laitinen, L. A. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9907025 · Cited by 319
Bernard, A., Carbonnelle, S., Michel, O., Higuet, S., de Burbure, C., Buchet, J.-P., Hermans, C., Dumont, X., & Doyle, I. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.6.385 · Cited by 256
Airway injury as a mechanism for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes
Anderson, S. D., & Kippelen, P. (2008) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.001 · Cited by 237
Spontaneous and Induced Sputum to Measure Indices of Airway Inflammation in Asthma
Pizzichini, M. M. M., Popov, T. A., Efthimiadis, A., Hussack, P., Evans, S. W., Pizzichini, E., Dolovich, J., & Hargreave, F. E. (1996) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887576 · Cited by 230
Helenius, I., Rytil[auml ], P., Sarna, S., Lumme, A., Helenius, M., Remes, V., & Haahtela, T. (2002) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2002.124769a · Cited by 217
Cold air-provoked respiratory symptoms: the mechanisms and management
Koskela, H. O. (2007) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v66i2.18237 · Cited by 213
Structural changes in the airways in asthma: observations and consequences
Bai, T. R., & Knight, D. A. (2005) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20040342 · Cited by 182
Aerobic Exercise Attenuates Airway Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Atopic Asthma
Pastva, A. M., Estell, K., Schoeb, T. R., Atkinson, T. P., & Schwiebert, L. M. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4520 · Cited by 160
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 1993, Respir Med, 87, 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of cold on the respiratory tract and its consequences to respiratory health
D’Amato, M., Molino, A., Calabrese, G., Cecchi, L., Annesi‐Maesano, I., & D’Amato, G. (2018) · Clinical and Translational Allergy · doi:10.1186/s13601-018-0208-9 · Cited by 236
“Bronchial biopsies of winter athletes have shown evidence of airway remodelling, possibly due to repeated cold-air and hyperventilation damage to the airways, although more research is needed on this influence on airway function [19, 20].”
BackgroundBergeron, M., Bahr, R., Bärtsch, P., Bourdon, L., Calbet, J. A. L., Carlsen, K. ‐., Castagna, O., González‐Alonso, J., Lundby, C., Maughan, R., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091296 · Cited by 214
Hallstrand, T. S., Leuppi, J. D., Joos, G., Hall, G. L., Carlsen, K., Kaminsky, D. A., Coates, A. L., Cockcroft, D. W., Culver, B. H., Diamant, Z., et al. (2018) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01033-2018 · Cited by 175
Exercise and asthma: an overview
Giacco, S. R. D., Firinu, D., Bjermer, L. H., & Carlsen, K. (2015) · European Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984 · Cited by 164
“Other authors (46, 47) reported a correlation between training load and sputum neutrophilia.”
BackgroundRespiratory health of elite athletes – preventing airway injury: a critical review
Kippelen, P., Fitch, K. D., Anderson, S. D., Bougault, V., Boulet, L., Rundell, K. W., Sue‐Chu, M., & McKenzie, D. C. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091056 · Cited by 135
Self-citationEffects of high altitude and cold air exposure on airway inflammation in patients with asthma
Seys, S., Daenen, M., Dilissen, E., Thienen, R. V., Bullens, D. M. A., Hespel, P., & Dupont, L. (2013) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203280 · Cited by 102
The Respiratory Health of Swimmers
Bougault, V., Turmel, J., Lévesque, B., & Boulet, L. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200939040-00003 · Cited by 100
Self-citationTissue engineering and the use of stem/progenitor cells for airway epithelium repair.
Roomans, G. (2010) · European Cells & Materials · doi:10.22203/ecm.v019a27 · Cited by 82
Bronchial Challenges and Respiratory Symptoms in Elite Swimmers and Winter Sport Athletes
Bougault, V., Turmel, J., & Boulet, L. (2010) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.09-1689 · Cited by 87
Self-citationBougault, V., Loubaki, L., Joubert, P., Turmel, J., Couture, C., Laviolette, M., Chakir, J., & Boulet, L. (2011) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.010 · Cited by 87
Self-citationBronchial epithelial damage after a half-marathon in nonasthmatic amateur runners
Chimenti, L., Morici, G., Paternò, A., Santagata, R., Bonanno, A., Profita, M., Riccobono, L., Bellia, V., & Bonsignore, M. R. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00053.2010 · Cited by 86
Couto, M., Kurowski, M., Moreira, A. M., Bullens, D. M. A., Carlsen, K. ‐., Delgado, L., Kowalski, M. L., & Seys, S. (2017) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.13224 · Cited by 87
“Increased neutrophil counts in induced sputum from both swimmers and winter sports athletes have been observed, and interestingly, they were correlated with the number of training hours per week in both groups.(13) Hyperpnoea with cold dry air represents a significant environ-”
BackgroundInfluentialAirway dysfunction in elite athletes - an occupational lung disease?
Price, O. J., Ansley, L., Menzies-Gow, A. N., Cullinan, P., & Hull, J. H. (2013) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.12265 · Cited by 85
“A comprehensive review of the literature in this area is beyond the scope of this article, but it is worth highlighting the evidence in two groups of well-studied athletes with a high prevalence of airway dysfunction (20, 61), namely swimmers and ice arena athletes.”
BackgroundCarlsen, K. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091292 · Cited by 85
“Inflammatory markers in induced sputum with increased neutrophil cell counts in induced sputum were found both in swimmers and winter sport athletes, and the neutrophil counts correlated to number of training hours per week in both groups.(36) Eosinophil counts were increased in swimmers in particular, as also was num…”
BackgroundInfluentialBolger, C., Tufvesson, E., Anderson, S. D., Devereux, G. S., Ayres, J. G., Bjermer, L. H., Sue‐Chu, M., & Kippelen, P. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00113.2011 · Cited by 80
“This study supports previous findings that suggest that strenuous exercise may injure the airway epithelium of athletes (11, 14, 18) and that perturbations to the airway epithelial cells are not exclusive to athletes with EIB (9).”
BackgroundResultAirway injury during high-level exercise
Kippelen, P., & Anderson, S. D. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090819 · Cited by 79
Seys, S., Hox, V., Gerven, L. V., Dilissen, E., Marijsse, G., Peeters, E., Dekimpe, E., Kasran, A., Aertgeerts, S., Troosters, T., et al. (2014) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.12540 · Cited by 68
Effect of physical training on airway inflammation in bronchial asthma: a systematic review
Pakhale, S. S., Luks, V., Burkett, A., & Turner, L. (2013) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-38 · Cited by 68
“In stage 2, full texts of these 25 articles were reviewed; twelve studies were excluded for reasons stated in Figure 1 (100% inter-reviewer agreement) [31-42].”
Airway dysfunction in swimmers: Table 1
Bougault, V., & Boulet, L. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090821 · Cited by 67
Self-citationPrevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines
Mountjoy, M. L., Fitch, K. D., Boulet, L., Bougault, V., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. A. L. M. (2015) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.041 · Cited by 63
Self-citationAirway hyperresponsiveness in elite swimmers: Is it a transient phenomenon?
Bougault, V., Turmel, J., & Boulet, L. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.003 · Cited by 62
Self-citationReversible remodeling of lung tissue during hibernation in the Syrian hamster
Talaei, F., Hylkema, M. N., Bouma, H. R., Boerema, A. S., Strijkstra, A. M., Henning, R. H., & Schmidt, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.052704 · Cited by 59
Hyperpnea-Induced Bronchoconstriction and Urinary CC16 Levels in Athletes
Bolger, C., Tufvesson, E., Sue‐Chu, M., Devereux, G. S., Ayres, J. G., Bjermer, L. H., & Kippelen, P. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820750d8 · Cited by 53
Effect of intense swimming training on rhinitis in high‐level competitive swimmers
Bougault, V., Turmel, J., & Boulet, L. ‐. (2010) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03551.x · Cited by 52
Self-citationCôté, A., Turmel, J., & Boulet, L. (2018) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1606215 · Cited by 52
Self-citationAir Quality and Temperature Effects on Exercise‐Induced Bronchoconstriction
Rundell, K. W., Anderson, S. D., Sue‐Chu, M., Bougault, V., & Boulet, L. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130013 · Cited by 55
“For the athlete who trains in the urban environment, it would be wise to design training during low hours and in low traffic areas. relationship between the development of airway disorders daily, but may exist for infants and young children regularly attending chlorinated swimming pools, especially…”
Self-citationNeutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Walk on the Wild Side of Exercise Immunology
Beiter, T., Fragasso, A., Hartl, D., & Niess, A. M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0296-1 · Cited by 49
Apoptosis and the Airway Epithelium
White, S. R. (2011) · Journal of Allergy · doi:10.1155/2011/948406 · Cited by 55
“Even in more moderate environments such as swimming or rowing in which there is substantial hyperpnea, elite athletes may have inflammatory cells present in induced sputum and in airway lavage [159, 160].”
BackgroundAnderson, S. D., & Kippelen, P. (2013) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2013.02.006 · Cited by 47
Relating Weather Types to Asthma-Related Hospital Admissions in New York State
Lee, C. C., Sheridan, S. C., & Lin, S. (2012) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0803-5 · Cited by 43
Is There a Link between Exercise and Male Factor Infertility?
Agarwal, A. K. (2011) · The Open Reproductive Science Journal · doi:10.2174/1874255601103010105 · Cited by 43
“However, some of the more dangerous effects of excessive exercise are not so evident and exercise can be injurious to some bodily organs and systems, provoking multisystemic damage [13-18].”
BackgroundThe breathless adolescent asthmatic athlete
Carlsen, K. H. (2011) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00068510 · Cited by 42
Pathogenesis of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Kippelen, P., & Anderson, S. D. (2013) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2013.02.002 · Cited by 41
Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS) and Irritant-Induced Asthma
Brooks, S. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9044-9_3 · Cited by 40
Swimming attendance during childhood and development of asthma: Meta‐analysis
Valeriani, F., Protano, C., Vitali, M., & Spica, V. R. (2016) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.13230 · Cited by 39
Shim, J., Lee, H., Park, D.-E., Lee, J., Bae, B., Chang, Y., Kim, J., Kim, H. Y., & Kang, H. (2019) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.14017 · Cited by 38
Snell, J. A., Jandova, J., & Wondrak, G. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.887220 · Cited by 37
Seys, S. F., Feyen, L., Keirsbilck, S., Adams, E., Dupont, L. J., & Nemery, B. (2015) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.001 · Cited by 37
Cough and upper airway disorders in elite athletes: a critical review
Boulet, L. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090812 · Cited by 38
Self-citationKurowski, M. M., Jurczyk, J., Jarzębska, M., Moskwa, S., Makowska, J. S., Krysztofiak, H., & Kowalski, M. L. (2014) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-45 · Cited by 36
“Various proteins have been assessed as potentially useful tools in monitoring airway inflammation and epithelial damage [6-9].”
BackgroundAllergy and sports in children
Giacco, S. R. D., Carlsen, K.-H., & Toit, G. D. (2012) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01256.x · Cited by 33
“It has been reported that mechanisms may involve epithelial damage (47), disturbed repair owing to the regularly occurring trauma to the airways, following airways inflammation and an increased parasympathetic activity in the airways (44).”
BackgroundCarlsen, K., Hem, E., & Stensrud, T. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090591 · Cited by 30
Parasympathetic Activity and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Athletes
Stang, J. S., Stensrud, T., Mowinckel, P., & Carlsen, K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001008 · Cited by 30
“The 72% prevalence of clinical BHR among swimmers in our study agrees closely with the results of previous studies (5,22,39).”
BackgroundResultAsthma in Swimmers: A Review of the Current Literature
Fisk, M. Z., Steigerwald, M. D., Smoliga, J. M., & Rundell, K. W. (2010) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2010.12.1822 · Cited by 32
Chen, X., Wu, C. H., Wang, Y., Han, Y., & Zhu, T. (2018) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0437-3 · Cited by 28
Combes, A., Dekerle, J., Dumont, X., Twomey, R., Bernard, A., Daussin, F., & Bougault, V. (2019) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-019-0978-1 · Cited by 28
Self-citationAirway vascular damage in elite swimmers
Moreira, A. M., Palmares, C., Lopes, C., & Delgado, L. (2011) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.05.011 · Cited by 26
“Such increase was not associated with airway inflammation but suggested significant underlying airway damage in a wearand-tear effect caused by increased ventilation during endurance training.(12) In conclusion, our results showed airway vascular permeability was similar in swimmers, with or without asthma, and asthma…”
ResultKim, J., Jang, Y.-S., Kim, H. I., Park, J. Y., Park, S., Hwang, Y. I., Jang, S. H., Jung, K., Park, H., & Park, C. (2020) · Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research · doi:10.4168/aair.2020.12.4.684 · Cited by 26
Price, O. J., Walsted, E. S., Bonini, M., Brannan, J. D., Bougault, V., Carlsen, K., Couto, M., Kippelen, P., Moreira, A. M., Pité, H., et al. (2022) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15431 · Cited by 30
Self-citationErgogenic Effects of Inhaled β2-Agonists in Non-Asthmatic Athletes
Wolfarth, B., Wuestenfeld, J. C., & Kindermann, W. (2010) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2009.10.005 · Cited by 26
Couillard, S., Bougault, V., Turmel, J., & Boulet, L. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.13-1413 · Cited by 26
Self-citationExercise and airway injury in athletes.
Couto, M., Silva, D., Delgado, L., & Moreira, A. M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 24
The role of sports and exercise in allergic disease: drawbacks and benefits
Silva, D., & Moreira, A. M. (2015) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/1744666x.2015.1058158 · Cited by 24
Gomà, A., de Lluis, R., Roca-Ferrer, J., Lafuente, J., & Picado, C. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.030 · Cited by 23
Zhang, M., Deng, Y.-L., Liu, C., Lu, W., & Zeng, Q. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138808 · Cited by 23
Asthma Phenotypes and Endotypes: Implications for Personalised Therapy
Dean, K., & Niven, R. M. (2017) · BioDrugs · doi:10.1007/s40259-017-0242-5 · Cited by 22
Asthma prevalence in German Olympic athletes: A comparison of winter and summer sport disciplines
Selge, C., Thomas, S., Nowak, D., Radon, K., & Wolfarth, B. (2016) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.008 · Cited by 23
High incidence rate of asthma among elite endurance athletes: a prospective 4-year survey
Irewall, T., Söderström, L., Lindberg, A., & Stenfors, N. (2020) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2020.1728769 · Cited by 20
“In aquatic sports, chlorine compounds in swimming pools may lead to increased airway inflammation and epithelial damage due to oxidative stress (9,10).”
BackgroundGoossens, J., Jonckheere, A., Seys, S., Dilissen, E., Decaesteker, T., Goossens, C., Peers, K. H. E., Vanbelle, V., Stappers, J., Aertgeerts, S., et al. (2023) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax-2022-219651 · Cited by 20
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in the 21st century.
Anderson, S. D. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Bougault, V., & Boulet, L. (2012) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1586/ers.12.51 · Cited by 21
Self-citationRole of sputum biomarkers in the management of asthma
Seys, S. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000345 · Cited by 20
Tarlo, S. M., & Malo, J. (2013) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201305-119st · Cited by 20
Viglino, D., Maignan, M., Michalon, A., Turk, J., Buse, S. K., Blancher, M., Aufderheide, T. P., Belle, L., Savary, D., Ageron, F., et al. (2017) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.07.030 · Cited by 19
Irritant-Induced Asthma and Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS)
Brooks, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Allergy & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6121.1000174 · Cited by 20
Rufo, J. C., Paciência, I., Silva, D., Martins, C., Madureira, J., Fernandes, E. D. O., Padrão, P., Moreira, P. A. M., Delgado, L., & Moreira, A. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193848 · Cited by 18
Covariation amongst pool management, trichloramine exposure and asthma for swimmers in Norway
Nitter, T. B., & Svendsen, K. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138070 · Cited by 18
Bernhardsen, G. P., Stang, J. S., Halvorsen, T., & Stensrud, T. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2113144 · Cited by 17
“In addition, sputum neutrophil counts are shown to correlate with training hours in both swimmers and cold air athletes (Bougault et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFunction of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma
Hallstrand, T. S., Woodruff, P. G., Holgate, S. T., & Knight, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Allergy · doi:10.1155/2012/160586 · Cited by 18
“[159] M.”
BackgroundAQUA© as predictor of allergy in elite marathon runners
Teixeira, R. N., Mendes, F. A. R., Martins, M. A., Mickleborough, T. D., & Carvalho, C. R. F. (2014) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1186/1939-4551-7-7 · Cited by 17
“For instance, there are many environmental conditions that are sport specific and can induce adverse effects on the respiratory system, such as pollen exposure in athletes who train outdoors, cold air in winter athletes [21,22], fine particles in ice rinks [23] and chlorine exposure in swimmers [24].”
Sperm morphology normalcy is inversely correlated to cycling kilometers in elite triathletes
Vaamonde, D., Silva‐Grigoletto, M. E. D., Manso, J. M. G., Cunha‐Filho, J. S., & Vaamonde-Lemos, R. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 17
Price, O. J., & Hull, J. H. (2014) · Clinical Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/cpm.0000000000000030 · Cited by 18
Demange, V., Wild, P. P., Zmirou‐Navier, D., Tossa, P., Bohadana, A., Barbaud, A. M., & Paris, C. (2010) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-2466-10-37 · Cited by 16
“According to literature, eosinophil numbers in induced sputum is more often used than the same count in nasal lavage fluid and was not significantly associated with BHR in 32 healthy controls used in a comparative study of airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes[29].”
Airways Disorders and the Swimming Pool
Bougault, V., & Boulet, L. (2013) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2013.02.008 · Cited by 17
Self-citationBronchial Nitric Oxide Flux and Alveolar Nitric Oxide Concentration After Exposure to Hyperoxia
Caspersen, C., Stensrud, T., & Thorsen, E. (2011) · Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.3357/asem.2995.2011 · Cited by 15
Effect of competitive swimming on airway inflammation: A 3‐yr longitudinal study
Couto, M., Andrade, P., Pereira, M., Araújo, J. R., Moreira, P. A. M., Delgado, L., & Moreira, A. M. (2014) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12172 · Cited by 15
Reproducibility of the bronchoconstrictive response to eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea
Williams, N. C., Johnson, M. A., Hunter, K. A., & Sharpe, G. R. (2015) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2015.08.006 · Cited by 15
Airway dysfunction in elite swimmers: prevalence, impact, and challenges
Lomax, M. (2016) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s88339 · Cited by 16
Asthma and exercise-induced respiratory symptoms in the athlete
Boulet, L., Turmel, J., & Côté, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000339 · Cited by 15
Self-citationEucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea and exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction
Turmel, J., Gagnon, S., Bernier, M., & Boulet, L. (2015) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000065 · Cited by 14
Self-citationExercise and Sinonasal Disease
Steelant, B., Hox, V., Hellings, P. W., Bullens, D. M. A., & Seys, S. (2018) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2018.01.014 · Cited by 15
Systemic and airway oxidative stress in competitive swimmers
Škrgat, S., Marčun, R., Kern, I., Šilar, M., Šelb, J., Fležar, M., & Korošec, P. (2018) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.005 · Cited by 14
The Effect of Different Training Loads on the Lung Health of Competitive Youth Swimmers
Davies, R., Parent, É., Steinback, C. D., & Kennedy, M. D. (2018) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/wqbr8294 · Cited by 14
“Airway inflammation can be determined through induced sputum analysis (12), however an innovative and potentially less invasive technique is measuring Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO), which may also be used as a surrogate for AHR (2).”
BackgroundExhaled nitric oxide indicates poorly athlete's asthma
Voutilainen, M., Malmberg, L. P., Vasankari, T. J., & Haahtela, T. (2013) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.12014 · Cited by 14
“A mixed type of eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation seems to affect elite athletes (10, 11, 28), with concomitant evidence of bronchial epithelial damage (29).”
BackgroundSpecial considerations for adolescent athletic and asthmatic patients
Wolfarth, B., & Wuestenfeld, J. C. (2013) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s23438 · Cited by 13
“Mechanisms of exercised-induced bronchoconstriction The mild hyperventilation during exercise and the inhalation of cold, dry air are thought to be important triggers for EIB.(32) These findings are leading to the development of different etiological theories.”
InfluentialAsthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in elite athletes
Carlsen, K.-H. (2009) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00011909 · Cited by 13
Exercise in Cold Air and Hydrogen Peroxide Release in Exhaled Breath Condensate
Marek, E., Volke, J., Mückenhoff, K., Platen, P., & Marek, W. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_22 · Cited by 12
Couto, M., Santos, P., Silva, D., Delgado, L., & Moreira, A. M. (2015) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12426 · Cited by 12
“Bronchial epithelial cells are released in higher amounts into sputum (epithelial shedding) of cold air athletes and swimmers (28), a result also found in our study.”
BackgroundResultEffects of steroid therapy on inflammatory cell subtypes in asthma
Boulet, L. (2010) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2009.131391 · Cited by 12
Self-citationBoskabady, M., Esmaeilizadeh, M., & Boskabady, M. H. (2012) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/0748233712454465 · Cited by 13
“…hyperresponsiveness (Agabiti et al., 2001; Das and Blanc, 1993; Nemery, 1996; Pedersen et al., 2008; Zwick et al., 1990) Airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and destruction of airway mucosa have also been reported in swimmers (Bougault et al., 2009a, 2009b; Helenius et al., 1998).”
BackgroundStang, J. S., Couto, M., Carlsen, K.-H., & Stensrud, T. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094053 · Cited by 11
RetractedGraff, P., Fredrikson, M. G., Jönsson, P., & Flodin, U. (2011) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0671-2 · Cited by 11
“Interestingly, outside working life, athletes such as swimmers who are exposed to chlorine and cross-country skiers inhaling cold air are observed as having an increased incidence for asthma (Bougault et al. 2009).”
BackgroundExercise and the Immune System
Gomes, E. C., & Florida-James, G. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1890-0_6 · Cited by 12
Prevalence of Asthma among Norwegian Elite Athletes
Melsom, H. S., Randa, A., Hisdal, J., Stang, J. S., & Stensrud, T. (2022) · Translational Sports Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/3887471 · Cited by 10
“Airway hyperresponsiveness was found in 69% of the swimmers and 28% of the cold air athletes [26].”
BackgroundBeyond bronchodilation: Illuminating the performance benefits of inhaled beta2‐agonists in sports
Hostrup, M., & Jessen, S. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14567 · Cited by 10
Diagnosis of Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction in Swimmers: Context Matters
Leahy, M. G., Peters, C. M., Geary, C. M., Koehle, M. S., McKenzie, D. C., Brotherhood, J. S., & Sheel, A. W. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002335 · Cited by 11
Vollsæter, M., Stensrud, T., Maat, R. C., Halvorsen, T., Røksund, O. D., Sandnes, A., & Clemm, H. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.800073 · Cited by 10
“These findings are related to the time spent exercising in harsh conditions, and also to the timing of the testing, whether this is in close relation to a period of intensive training or competition (25).”
BackgroundSachs‐Olsen, C., Berntsen, S., Carlsen, K. L., Anderssen, S. A., Mowinckel, P., & Carlsen, K. (2012) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1752-699x.2012.00283.x · Cited by 10
“Presently, the most probable explanation for this phenomenon is bronchial epithelial damage with resulting airway inflammation (4), possibly combined with increased parasympathetic activity (5), inflicted by the increased ventilation because of regularly repeated intensive exercise (6).”
BackgroundThe Role of Airway Inflammation and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Athlete’s Asthma
Stang, J. S., Sikkeland, L. I. B., Tufvesson, E., Holm, A. M., Stensrud, T., & Carlsen, K. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001478 · Cited by 10
“Although swimmers and cold air endurance athletes do have increased BHR when compared with healthy nonathletes (6,7), there is no difference when comparing to asthmatic individuals (7).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExhaled nitric oxide concentration upon acute exposure to moderate altitude
Caspersen, C., Stang, J. S., Thorsen, E., & Stensrud, T. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12018 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Bougault, V., Turmel, J., St-Laurent, J., Bertrand, M., & Boulet, L.-P.
- Affiliations
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CA)
- Venue
- European Respiratory Journal
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 2009-01-07
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 740-746
- ISSN
- 0903-1936 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3003
- OpenAlex
- W2158216179
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 11.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Respiratory Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Keywords
- airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma, airway inflammation, swimmers, endurance athletes, training, sputum neutrophils, eosinophils, methacholine challenge, induced sputum, bronchial epithelial cells
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Asthma, Bronchial Provocation Tests, Cold Temperature, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Physical Fitness, Regression Analysis, Seasons, Skin Tests, Sports, Sputum, Swimming, Case-Control Studies, Bronchial Hyperreactivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
