Cited by 670Focus Groups and Qualitative MethodsQualitative Research Methods and ApplicationsDelphi Technique in Research

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What about N? A methodological study of sample-size reporting in focus group studies

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Carlsen, Benedicte, Glenton, Claire·2011·BMC Medical Research Methodology

DOI 10.1186/1471-2288-11-26PMC PMC3061958

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Focus group studies are increasingly published in health related journals, but we know little about how researchers use this method, particularly how they determine the number of focus groups to conduct. The methodological literature commonly advises researchers to follow principles of data saturation, although practical advise on how to do this is lacking. Our objectives were firstly, to describe the current status of sample size in focus group studies reported in health journals. Secondly, to assess whether and how researchers explain the number of focus groups they carry out. METHODS: We searched PubMed for studies that had used focus groups and that had been published in open access journals during 2008, and extracted data on the number of focus groups and on any explanation authors gave for this number. We also did a qualitative assessment of the papers with regard to how number of groups was explained and discussed. RESULTS: We identified 220 papers published in 117 journals. In these papers insufficient reporting of sample sizes was common. The number of focus groups conducted varied greatly (mean 8.4, median 5, range 1 to 96). Thirty seven (17%) studies attempted to explain the number of groups. Six studies referred to rules of thumb in the literature, three stated that they were unable to organize more groups for practical reasons, while 28 studies stated that they had reached a point of saturation. Among those stating that they had reached a point of saturation, several appeared not to have followed principles from grounded theory where data collection and analysis is an iterative process until saturation is reached. Studies with high numbers of focus groups did not offer explanations for number of groups. Too much data as a study weakness was not an issue discussed in any of the reviewed papers. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings we suggest that journals adopt more stringent requirements for focus group method reporting. The often poor and inconsistent reporting seen in these studies may also reflect the lack of clear, evidence-based guidance about deciding on sample size. More empirical research is needed to develop focus group methodology.

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Authors: Carlsen, B., & Glenton, C.
Affiliations: SINTEF (NO)
Corresponding author: Carlsen, Benedicte
ORCID: Glenton, Claire
Venue: BMC Medical Research Methodology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-03-11
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-26
ISSN: 1471-2288 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-26
PMC: PMC3061958
OpenAlex: W2013335946
Cited by: 670
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 80.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: BMC Medical Research Methodology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bergen Open Research Archive (BORA) (University of Bergen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Universitetet i Bergen
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Keywords: focus groups, sample size reporting, data saturation, grounded theory, qualitative research methodology, reporting guidelines, health journals, methodological quality
MeSH terms: Humans, Research Design, Focus Groups, Sample Size, PubMed

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