The effectiveness of the Austrian disease management programme for type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Disease management programmes (DMPs) are costly and impose additional work load on general practitioners (GPs). Data on their effectiveness are inconclusive. We therefore conducted a cluster-randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the Austrian DMP for diabetes mellitus type 2 on HbA1c and quality of care for adult patients in primary care. METHODS: All GPs of Salzburg-province were invited to participate. After cluster-randomisation by district, all patients with diabetes type 2 were recruited consecutively from 7-11/2007. The DMP, consisting mainly of physician and patient education, standardised documentation and agreement on therapeutic goals, was implemented in the intervention group while the control group received usual care. We aimed to show superiority of the intervention regarding metabolic control and process quality. The primary outcome measure was a change in HbA1c after one year. Secondary outcomes were days in the hospital, blood pressure, lipids, body mass index (BMI), enrolment in patient education and regular guideline-adherent examination. Blinding was not possible. RESULTS: 92 physicians recruited 1489 patients (649 intervention, 840 control). After 401 ± 47 days, 590 intervention-patients and 754 controls had complete data. In the intention to treat analysis (ITT) of all 1489 patients, HbA1c decreased 0.41% in the intervention group and 0.28% in controls. The difference of -0.13% (95% CI -0.24; -0.02) was significant at p = 0.026. Significance was lost in mixed models adjusted for baseline value and cluster-effects (adjusted mean difference -0.03 (95% CI -0.15; 0.09, p = 0.607). Of the secondary outcome measures, BMI and cholesterol were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to controls in ITT after adjustments (-0.53 kg/m²; 95% CI -1.03;-0.02; p = 0.014 and -0.10 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.21; -0.003; p = 0.043). Additionally, more patients received patient education (49.5% vs. 20.1%, p < 0.0001), eye- (71.0% vs. 51.2%, p < 0.0001), foot examinations (73.8% vs. 45.1%, p < 0.0001), and regular HbA1c checks (44.1% vs. 36.0%, p < 0.01) in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The Austrian DMP implemented by statutory health insurance improves process quality and enhances weight reduction, but does not significantly improve metabolic control for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Whether the small benefit seen in secondary outcome measures leads to better patient outcomes, remains unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled trials Ltd., ISRCTN27414162.
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“We previously demonstrated that the Austrian DMP “Therapie-Aktiv” implemented by statutory health insurance improves process quality and enhances weight reduction, but did not significantly improve metabolic control (HbA1c) [15].”
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Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 65
(2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-5-en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-39-en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influenza vaccination for older people
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-50-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mortality from transport accidents
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-9-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-reported health and disability
(2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-13-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Screening, survival and mortality for breast cancer
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-47-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-12-fr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-11-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-39-fr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diabetes prevalence and incidence
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-17-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Medical technologies: CT scanners and MRI units
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-31-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-10-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Childhood vaccination programmes
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-49-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Großschädl, F., Freidl, W., Stronegger, W. J., Burkert, N. T., Muckenhuber, J., & Rásky, É. (2014) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-014-0291-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-4-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Goh, L. H., Siah, C. J. R., Tam, W., Tai, E. S., & Young, D. Y. L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1662345/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Winkler, H., Flamm, M., & Sönnichsen, A. C. (2013) · Public Health Forum · doi:10.1016/j.phf.2012.12.013
“Ebenso erfolgten in der IG signifikant häufiger HbA1c-Kontrollen und mehr Patienten nahmen an den Schulungen teil (Sonnichsen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeitlinien, Betreuungsprogramme, Versorgungsforschung und Evaluation
Clodi, M., Ehren, M., Icks, A., Klein, H. H., Lehmann, R., Rothe, U., Schulze, J., & Weitgasser, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41358-2_2
Self-citationSarría‐Santamera, A., Sönnichsen, A. C., Erler, A., Flamm, M., Frølich, A., Fullerton, B., Jacobsen, R., Knai, C., Elissen, A., Nolte, E., et al. (2014)
Self-citationCarlander, M., Höglinger, M., Trottmann, M., Rhomberg, B., Caviglia, C., Rohrbasser, A., Frei, C., & Eichler, K. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.05.20143438
Prévalence et incidence du diabète
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-13-fr
Dépenses de santé par habitant
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-60-fr
Mortalité due aux accidents de transport
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-8-fr
Mortalité à l'hôpital après un accident vasculaire cérébral
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-43-fr
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-16-en
Espérance de vie à la naissance
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-4-fr
Personnel infirmier nouvellement diplômé
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-27-fr
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-6-en
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-59-fr
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-11-fr
Inégalités dans les consultations de dentistes
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-57-fr
Dépistage, survie et mortalité du cancer du col de l'utérus
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-47-fr
Mortalité à l'hôpital après un infarctus aigu du myocarde
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-42-fr
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-21-fr
Health at a Glance: Europe 2012 (Summary in Danish)
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/k5v4ym-da
Besoins en soins de santé insatisfaits
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-52-fr
Annexe B Sources des données des pays non membres de l'OCDE
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-76-fr
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-5-fr
Rémunération du personnel infirmier
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-28-fr
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-32-fr
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-36-en
Chirurgies de remplacement de la hanche et du genou
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-35-fr
Financement des dépenses de santé
(2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-64-fr
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-3-en
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-14-fr
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-32-en
Avoidable admissions: Respiratory diseases
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-40-en
Dépenses de soins de longue durée
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-73-fr
Additional information on demographic and economic context
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-59-en
Health at a Glance: Europe 2012 (Summary in Lithuanian)
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/kgvdxa-lt
OECD (2012) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/9789264183896-30-en
OECD (2011) · Panorama de la santé · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2011-1-fr
- Authors
- Sönnichsen, A. C., Winkler, H., Flamm, M., Panisch, S., Kowatsch, P., Klima, G., Fürthauer, B., & Weitgasser, R.
- Affiliations
- Paracelsus Medical University (AT)
- Private Pädagogische Hochschule Augustinum (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Sönnichsen, Andreas C
- Venue
- BMC Family Practice
- Published
- 2010-11-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-86
- ISSN
- 1471-2296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2989935
- OpenAlex
- W2057504267
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 22.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Family Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universität Heidelberg
- Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, disease management programs, primary care, HbA1c, glycemic control, quality of care, patient education, physician training, treatment goals, body mass index, cholesterol, hospitalization, guideline adherence, cost-effectiveness, general practitioners, diabetes self-management education
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Austria, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Health Plan Implementation, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Program Development, Disease Management
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