Transient trimethylaminuria related to menstruation
Open accessAbstract
Background: Trimethylaminuria, or fish odor syndrome, includes a transient or mild malodor caused by an excessive amount of malodorous trimethylamine as a result of body secretions. Herein, we describe data to support the proposal that menses can be an additional factor causing transient trimethylaminuria in self-reported subjects suffering from malodor and even in healthy women harboring functionally active flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). Methods: FMO3 metabolic capacity (conversion of trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide) was defined as the urinary ratio of trimethylamine N-oxide to total trimethylamine. Results: Self-reported Case (A) that was homozygous for inactive Arg500stop FMO3, showed decreased metabolic capacity of FMO3 (i.e., ~10% the unaffected metabolic capacity) during 120 days of observation. For Case (B) that was homozygous for common [Glu158Lys; Glu308Gly] FMO3 polymorphisms, metabolic capacity of FMO3 was almost ~90%, except for a few days surrounding menstruation showing < 40% metabolic capacity. In comparison, three healthy control subjects that harbored heterozygous polymorphisms for [Glu158Lys; Glu308Gly] FMO3 or homozygous for wild FMO3 showed normal (> 90%) metabolic capacity, however, on days around menstruation the FMO3 metabolic capacity was decreased to ~60–70%. Conclusion: Together, these results indicate that abnormal FMO3 capacity is caused by menstruation particularly in the presence, in homozygous form, of mild genetic variants such as [Glu158Lys; Glu308Gly] that cause a reduced FMO3 function.
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Menstrual trimethylaminuria is more pronounced in women homozygous for variants that mildly reduce FMO3 enzyme activity.
“This menstrual trimethylaminuria is more pronounced in women homozygous for variants that result in a mild decrease in FMO3 enzyme activity (103).”
From Trimethylamine <i>N</i> -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [103]
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Mild trimethylaminuria caused by common variants in FM03 gene
Zschocke, J., Kohlmueller, D., Quak, E., Meißner, T., Hoffmann, G. F., & Mayatepek, E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)80019-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Trimethylaminuria and a humanFMO3 mutation database
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Self-citationExacerbation of symptoms of fish-odour syndrome during menstruation
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Self-citationEffect of pregnancy on a measure of FMO3 activity
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Bennett, B. J., Vallim, T. Q. D. A., Wang, Z., Shih, D. M., Meng, Y., Gregory, J., Allayee, H., Lee, R., Graham, M., Crooke, R., et al. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Trimethylamine <i>N</i> -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease
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Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor TAAR5 Can Be Activated by Trimethylamine
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- Authors
- Shimizu, M., Cashman, J. R., & Yamazaki, H.
- Affiliations
- Showa Pharmaceutical University (JP)
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yamazaki, Hiroshi
- Venue
- BMC Medical Genetics
- Published
- 2007-01-27
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2-2
- ISSN
- 1471-2350 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142192795
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medical Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Japan Research Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 59618, R01DK059618)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Odor and Emission Control Technologies
- Keywords
- trimethylaminuria, fish odor syndrome, menstruation, FMO3, trimethylamine N-oxide, malodor, menstrual cycle
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Heterozygote, Homozygote, Humans, Menstruation, Metabolism, Inborn Errors, Methylamines, Oxygenases, Polymorphism, Genetic, Time Factors
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