Utilisation of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners within maternity care provision: results from a nationally representative cohort study of 1,835 pregnant women
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BACKGROUND: There is little known about women's concurrent use of conventional and complementary health care during pregnancy, particularly consultation patterns with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). This study examines health service utilisation among pregnant women including consultations with obstetricians, midwives, general practitioners (GPs) and CAM practitioners. METHODS: A sub-study of pregnant women (n=2445) was undertaken from the nationally-representative Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH). Women's consultations with conventional practitioners (obstetricians, GPs and midwives) and CAM practitioners for pregnancy-related health conditions were analysed. The analysis included Pearson chi-square tests to compare categorical variables. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 1835 women (response rate = 79.2%). A substantial number (49.4%) of respondents consulted with a CAM practitioner for pregnancy-related health conditions. Many participants consulted only with a CAM practitioner for assistance with certain conditions such as neck pain (74.6%) and sciatica (40.4%). Meanwhile, women consulted both CAM practitioners and conventional maternity health professionals (obstetricians, midwives and GPs) for back pain (61.8%) and gestational diabetes (22.2%). Women visiting a general practitioner (GP) 3-4 times for pregnancy care were more likely to consult with acupuncturists compared with those consulting a GP less often (p=<0.001, x2=20.5). Women who had more frequent visits to a midwife were more likely to have consulted with an acupuncturist (p=<0.001, x2=18.9) or a doula (p=<0.001, x2=23.2) than those visiting midwives less frequently for their pregnancy care. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasise the necessity for a considered and collaborative approach to interactions between pregnant women, conventional maternity health providers and CAM practitioners to accommodate appropriate information transferral and co-ordinated maternity care. The absence of sufficient clinical evidence regarding many commonly used CAM practices during pregnancy also requires urgent attention.
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About half of pregnant women visit complementary and alternative medicine practitioner for pregnancy-related health conditions.
“On the other hand, about half of pregnant women visit complementary and alternative medicine practitioner for pregnancy-related health conditions [12].”
From Evaluating Traditional Chinese Medicine and Herbal Products for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Women who visit their general practitioners and midwives more frequently are also more likely to visit acupuncturists for conditions such as gestational diabetes.
“Women who visit their general practitioners and midwives more frequently are also more likely to visit acupuncturists for conditions such as gestational diabetes [12].”
From Evaluating Traditional Chinese Medicine and Herbal Products for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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Self-citationAdams, J., Steel, A., Frawley, J., Broom, A. F., & Sibbritt, D. W. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1297-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationFogarty, S., McInerney, C., & Hay, P. (2020) · International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork Research Education & Practice · doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v13i2.499 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fogarty, S., Steel, A., Hall, H. G., & Hay, P. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101222 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationNguyen, D. (2021) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2021.1878478 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prenatal acupuncture: Women's expectations and satisfaction and influence on labor
Trutnovsky, G., Schneeweiss, M., Pregartner, G., Reif, P., Lang, U., & Ulrich, D. (2018) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12336 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Barnes, L. A. J., Rolfe, M. I., Barclay, L. M., McCaffery, K. J., & Aslani, P. (2025) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2025.104373 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Steel, A., Diezel, H., Wardle, J., & Adams, J. (2019) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2019.04.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPanozzo, M., Rossi, E. G., Picchi, M., Stefano, M. D., Cervino, C., & Nurra, L. (2016) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2016.03.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fogarty, S., McInerney, C., Chalmers, J., Veale, K., & Hay, P. (2023) · International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork Research Education & Practice · doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v16i4.877 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Steel, A. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08344-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationComplementary and alternatives care for postpartum preeclampsia: A scoping review
Rini, S., Soetrisno, S., Andayani, T. R., & Suminah, S. (2023) · Pharmacia · doi:10.3897/pharmacia.70.e110572 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Breastfeeding difficulties: The role of integrative medicine (IM) in breastfeeding support
Morns, M. A., Bowman, D., & Steel, A. (2018) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2018.04.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationLevett, K. M., Salomons, E., Jirde, I. S., Ahmed, R., & Isamil, E. A. (2026) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2026.102203 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Steel, A., Gibson, H., Adams, J., & Schoenaker, D. A. J. M. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10559-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKeawpimon, P., & Samankasikorn, W. (2022) · The Malaysian Journal of Nursing · doi:10.31674/mjn.2022.v14i01.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mbizo, J., Okafor, A., Sutton, M. A., & Stone, L. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813820-5.00003-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) vs. Integrative Medicines (IM)
Malik, S. B., & Nehra, E. (2025) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1002/9781394336807.ch2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Working with Worry and Inspiring Hope: Relationships with Anxious and Fearful Women
Dahlen, H. G., Teate, A., Ormsby, S., & Schmied, V. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21063-2_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thomas, R. (2018) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pushing for New Options in Childbirth: A Case Study in Contemporary Integrative Midwifery
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Improving primary care outcomes
Phllips, A., & Knight, A. W. (2013) · Australian pharmacist
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Non-discogenic Sciatica in Pregnancy
Akhaddar, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44984-0_90
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Steel, A., Draper‐Rodi, J., Fleischmann, M., Morin, C., Ferreira, A. P. A., Vaughan, B., & Orrock, P. J. (2024) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2024.101929
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Evolution of Acupressure Research in Maternal Health A Bibliometric Analysis
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Acupuncture sets of trial reported core outcomes (ASTRO) for women’s health across the lifespanPreprint
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Steel, A., Gibson, H., Adams, J., & Schoenaker, D. A. J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25017949
Self-citationSteel, A., Gibson, H., Adams, J., & Schoenaker, D. A. J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25017799
Self-citation
- Authors
- Steel, A., Adams, J., Sibbritt, D., Broom, A., Gallois, C., & Frawley, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Steel, Amie
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 146-146
- ISSN
- 1471-2393 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3534226
- OpenAlex
- W1997367131
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 23.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP1094765)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Keywords
- complementary and alternative medicine, pregnancy, obstetric care, health care utilization, CAM practitioners, obstetricians, midwives, general practitioners, acupuncture, doulas, gestational diabetes mellitus, back pain, neck pain, sciatica, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Complementary Therapies, Australia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Maternal Health Services, Midwifery, Obstetrics, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Referral and Consultation, Cohort Studies, Diabetes, Gestational, Acupuncture, General Practitioners, Doulas, Musculoskeletal Pain
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