Cited by 342Menstrual Health and DisordersAdolescent Sexual and Reproductive HealthHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among female adolescent students in Northeast Ethiopia

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Adolescence in girls has been recognized as a special period marked with the onset of menarche. Even though menstruation is a natural process, it is associated with misconceptions, malpractices and challenges among girls in developing countries. However, much is not documented; school-absenteeism and dropout are a common problem among girls in rural Ethiopia. Focusing among school girls, this study has examined knowledge about menstruation, determinants of menstrual management and its influence on school-attendance in Northeast Ethiopia. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-method research combining quantitative and qualitative methods in Northeast Ethiopia. The quantitative study was conducted among 595 randomly selected adolescent school girls. Nine in-depth interviews; five school-dropout girls and four female teachers, and four focus group discussions among school girls were conducted in 2013. RESULTS: The mean age at menarche was 13.98 (±1.17) years. About 51% of girls had knowledge about menstruation and its management. Only a third of the girls used sanitary napkins as menstrual absorbent during their last menstruation. Girls from urban areas, had mothers of secondary and above education and, families of higher monthly expenditure had more chance of using sanitary napkins than their counterparts. More than half of the girls reported to have been absent from school during their menstruation period. Those who did not use sanitary napkins were more likely to be absent from school [AOR-95% C.I: 5.37 (3.02 - 9.55)]. Fifty eight percent of girls reported that their school-performance had declined after they had menarche. In addition, the qualitative study indicated that school-dropout was common among girls who experienced teasing and humiliation by classmates when their clothes were stained with blood as they do not use sanitary napkins. CONCLUSION: Though there is an effort to increase girls' school enrollment, lack of basic needs, like sanitary napkins that facilitate routine activates of girls at early adolescence are observed to deter girls' school-attendance in rural Ethiopia. Special support for girl students, especially when they have their first menstruation and separate functioning sanitary facilities are necessities that should be in school at all times if gender equality and girls empowerment is to be achieved.

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Crossref · 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1118

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Figure 1 Pie chart showing adolescent school girls knowledge about menstruation, Northeast Ethiopia, 2013 (n = 551).
Figure 1 Pie chart showing adolescent school girls knowledge about menstruation, Northeast Ethiopia, 2013 (n = 551).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Showing adolescent school girls reactions to menarche, Northeast Ethiopia, 2013 (n = 455). NB: Multiple responses were possible and the percent is greater than 100%.
Figure 2 Showing adolescent school girls reactions to menarche, Northeast Ethiopia, 2013 (n = 455). NB: Multiple responses were possible and the percent is greater than 100%.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Showing school girls reasons for not using sanitary pad, Northeast Ethiopia, 2013 (n = 294). NB: Multiple responses were possible and the percent is greater than 100%.
Figure 3 Showing school girls reasons for not using sanitary pad, Northeast Ethiopia, 2013 (n = 294). NB: Multiple responses were possible and the percent is greater than 100%.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cites

Show all 21 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Keerti J, Pravin Y: A community based study on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. Indian J Matern Child Health. 2011, 13 (3): 1-6.
  2. Abeer E, Houaida H, Wafaa E: Menstrual attitude and knowledge among Egyptian female adolescents. J Am Sci. 2012, 8 (6): 555-565.
  3. Sanitation: The Challenge. 2005, United Nations Children’s Fund
  4. Neamat A, Maher S, Nadia H, Eman R: Assessment of dysmenorrhea and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in some nursing schools at EL-Minia governorate, Egypt. J Am Sci. 2011, 7 (9): 216-223.
  5. Mohamed M: Epidemiology of dysmenorrhea among adolescent students in Assiut City, Egypt. Life Sci J. 2012, 9 (1): 348-353.
  6. Fehr A: Stress, Menstruation and School Attendance: Effects of Water Security on Adolescent Girls in South Gondar. 2011, Ethiopia. MPH thesis: Emory University, School of Public Health
  7. Nekatibeb T: Low Participation of Female Students in Primary Education. 2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A case study of dropouts from the Amhara and Oromia regions in Ethiopia
  8. OpenCode: Umea University. 1997, Sweden: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine
  9. Menstrual Hygiene Management and School Absenteeism among Female Adolescent Students in Northeast Ethiopia: Ethical Clearance Form: Ref. No SPH/266/05 and Project number 0020. 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health
  10. Carmela E, Rosa D, Maricela Q, Gumercinda F, Shirley A, Teresa K: Menarche and its implications for Educational Policy in Peru. 2001, Ayacucho, Peru: Girls’ and Women’s Education Policy Research Activity

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Metadata

Authors
Tegegne, T. K., & Sisay, M. M.
Affiliations
  • Debre Markos University (ET)
  • Addis Ababa University (ET)
Corresponding author
Sisay, Mitike Molla
Venue
BMC Public Health
Published
2014-10-29
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
1118-1118
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2092680858
Cited by
342
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
FWCI
8.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion)
Funders
Addis Ababa University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords
menstrual hygiene management, school absenteeism, adolescent girls, menarche, sanitary napkins, school dropout, menstrual knowledge, academic performance, peer teasing, rural Ethiopia, girls' empowerment
MeSH terms
Absenteeism, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Ethiopia, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Menarche, Surveys and Questionnaires, School Health Services, Schools, Students, Health Behavior, Young Adult

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