The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.
Photostability of commercial sunscreens upon sun exposure and irradiation by ultraviolet lamps
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Sunscreens are being widely used to reduce exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The fact that some sunscreens are photounstable has been known for many years. Since the UV-absorbing ingredients of sunscreens may be photounstable, especially in the long wavelength region, it is of great interest to determine their degradation during exposure to UV radiation. Our aim was to investigate the photostability of seven commercial sunscreen products after natural UV exposure (UVnat) and artificial UV exposure (UVart). METHODS: Seven commercial sunscreens were studied with absorption spectroscopy. Sunscreen product, 0.5 mg/cm2, was placed between plates of silica. The area under the curve (AUC) in the spectrum was calculated for UVA (320-400 nm), UVA1 (340-400 nm), UVA2 (320-340 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) before (AUCbefore) and after (AUCafter) UVart (980 kJ/m2 UVA and 12 kJ/m2 of UVB) and before and after UVnat. If theAUC Index (AUCI), defined as AUCI = AUCafter/AUCbefore, was > 0.80, the sunscreen was considered photostable. RESULTS: Three sunscreens were unstable after 90 min of UVnat; in the UVA range the AUCI was between 0.41 and 0.76. In the UVB range one of these sunscreens was unstable with an AUCI of 0.75 after 90 min. Three sunscreens were photostable after 120 min of UVnat; in the UVA range the AUCI was between 0.85 and 0.99 and in the UVB range between 0.92 and 1.0. One sunscreen showed in the UVA range an AUCI of 0.87 after UVnat but an AUCI of 0.72 after UVart. Five of the sunscreens were stable in the UVB region. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that several sunscreens are photounstable in the UVA range after UVnat and UVart. There is a need for a standardized method to measure photostability, and the photostability should be marked on the sunscreen product.
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“Moreover, the stabilisation of avobenzone (11) mediated by the combination with other UV filters, such methylbenzylidene camphor (7) or octocrylene (30) [48], or with bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (27) [35], was proved as an advantageous option that confers more stability to the photounstable UV filters.”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products
Diffey, B. L., Tanner, P. R., Matts, P. J., & Nash, J. F. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.109291 · Cited by 242
Epidemiological Support for an Hypothesis for Melanoma Induction Indicating a Role for UVA Radiation
Moan, J. E., Dahlback, A., & Setlow, R. B. (1999) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07995.x · Cited by 209
Self-citationChatelain, E., & Gabard, B. (2001) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740401pobmaa2.0.co2 · Cited by 207
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Thieden, E., Philipsen, P. A., Heydenreich, J., & Wulf, H. C. (2004) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.140.2.197 · Cited by 189
Changes in ultraviolet absorption of sunscreens after ultraviolet irradiation
Tarras-Wahlberg, N., Rosén, A., Stenhagen, G., Larkö, O., Wennberg, A.-M., & Wennerström, O. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00721.x · Cited by 172 · cited 2×
“When mixed with petrolatum, some sunscreens undergo degradation during exposure to UV radiation, especially in the UVA range [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerugini, P., Simeoni, S., Scalia, S., Genta, I., Modena, T., Conti, B., & Pavanetto, F. (2002) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00356-3 · Cited by 164
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Serpone, N., Salinaro, A., Emeline, A. V., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H., & Zhao, J. (2002) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b206338g · Cited by 160
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- CIE: Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose, S007/E: ; Vienna, Austria. ; 1998.
- Bonda C, Marinelli P: The photochemistry of sunscreen photostability: 3–4 Nov; Paris. Step Publishing Ltd; 1999:46–51.
- Wünsch T, Westenfelder H: New aspects in sunscreens: 17–18 Nov; Paris. Step Publishing Ltd; 1998:56–60.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Photodegradation of avobenzone: Stabilization effect of antioxidants
Afonso, S., Horita, K., Sousa e Silva, J. P., Almeida, I. F., Amaral, M. H., Lobão, P. A., Costa, P. C., Miranda, M. S., Esteves da Silva, J. C. G., & Sousa Lobo, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.004 · Cited by 197
UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects
Jesus, A., Sousa, E., Cruz, M., Cidade, H., Lobo, J., & Almeida, I. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15030263 · Cited by 132
Filter-filter interactions. Photostabilization, triplet quenching and reactivity with singlet oxygen
Lhiaubet‐Vallet, V., Marín, M. P., Jiménez, Ó., Gorchs, O., Trullàs, C., & Miranda, M. A. (2010) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b9pp00158a · Cited by 123
Hojerová, J., Medovcíková, A., & Mikula, M. (2011) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.040 · Cited by 120
Manová, E., von Goetz, N., Hauri, U., Bogdal, C., & Hungerbühler, K. (2012) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.08.003 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Gonzalez, H., Tarras-Wahlberg, N., Strömdahl, B., Juzeniene, A., Moan, J., Larkö, O., Rosén, A., & Wennberg, A.-M.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Gonzalez, Helena
- ORCID
- Juzeniene, Asta
- Venue
- BMC Dermatology
- Published
- 2007-02-26
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-1
- ISSN
- 1471-5945 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1831786
- OpenAlex
- W2084447447
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Dermatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Chalmers Tekniska Högskola
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- photodegradation, UVA, UV-B radiation, natural sunlight exposure
- MeSH terms
- Drug Stability, Spectrophotometry, Sunlight, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Area Under Curve
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