CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 165Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlParasitic Diseases Research and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 114 of the 114 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interdependence of domestic malaria prevention measures and mosquito-human interactions in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Open access
Geissbühler, Yvonne, Chaki, Prosper, Emidi, Basiliana, Govella, Nicodemus J, Shirima, Rudolf, Mayagaya, Valeliana, Mtasiwa, Deo, Mshinda, Hassan, Fillinger, Ulrike, Lindsay, Steven W, Kannady, Khadija, de Castro, Marcia Caldas, Tanner, Marcel, Killeen, Gerry F·2007·Malaria Journal
DOI 10.1186/1475-2875-6-126PMC PMC2039744
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Successful malaria vector control depends on understanding behavioural interactions between mosquitoes and humans, which are highly setting-specific and may have characteristic features in urban environments. Here mosquito biting patterns in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania are examined and the protection against exposure to malaria transmission that is afforded to residents by using an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is estimated. METHODS: Mosquito biting activity over the course of the night was estimated by human landing catch in 216 houses and 1,064 residents were interviewed to determine usage of protection measures and the proportion of each hour of the night spent sleeping indoors, awake indoors, and outdoors. RESULTS: Hourly variations in biting activity by members of the Anopheles gambiae complex were consistent with classical reports but the proportion of these vectors caught outdoors in Dar es Salaam was almost double that of rural Tanzania. Overall, ITNs confer less protection against exophagic vectors in Dar es Salaam than in rural southern Tanzania (59% versus 70%). More alarmingly, a biting activity maximum that precedes 10 pm and much lower levels of ITN protection against exposure (38%) were observed for Anopheles arabiensis, a vector of modest importance locally, but which predominates transmission in large parts of Africa. CONCLUSION: In a situation of changing mosquito and human behaviour, ITNs may confer lower, but still useful, levels of personal protection which can be complemented by communal transmission suppression at high coverage. Mosquito-proofing houses appeared to be the intervention of choice amongst residents and further options for preventing outdoor transmission include larviciding and environmental management.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1475-2875-6-126

Cites

114 of 114 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Wards included in the study area of the Urban Malaria Control Program in Dar es Salaam, showing the ten cell units (TCU) of the adult mosquito monitoring system as well as of the detailed survey.
Figure 1 Wards included in the study area of the Urban Malaria Control Program in Dar es Salaam, showing the ten cell units (TCU) of the adult mosquito monitoring system as well as of the detailed survey.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Hourly biting profile of An. gambiae s.l. based on averaged results of routine outdoor human landing catches from across the entire study area covered by the Urban Malaria Control Programme.
Figure 2 Hourly biting profile of An. gambiae s.l. based on averaged results of routine outdoor human landing catches from across the entire study area covered by the Urban Malaria Control Programme.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Human and mosquito behavioural patterns in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A. Number or proportion of time residents spend outdoors, comparing what they reported themselves with direct observations in the field. B. Mean numbers of An. gambiae s.s caught indoors and outdoors. C. Mean number of An. arabiensis caught indoors and outdoors. D. Mean number of An. gambiae s.l. caught indoors and outdoors.
Figure 3 Human and mosquito behavioural patterns in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A. Number or proportion of time residents spend outdoors, comparing what they reported themselves with direct observations in the field. B. Mean numbers of An. gambiae s.s caught indoors and outdoors. C. Mean number of An. arabiensis caught indoors and outdoors. D. Mean number of An. gambiae s.l. caught indoors and outdoors.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Comparison of exophagic and endophagic behaviour of different mosquito species in urban and rural Tanzania. Degree of exophagy or endophagy is presented as the proportion of mosquitoes caught outdoors so that all mosquitoes with a proportion of outdoor biting significantly greater than 0.5 are considered to be exophagic and all below 0.5 are considered endophagic.
Figure 4 Comparison of exophagic and endophagic behaviour of different mosquito species in urban and rural Tanzania. Degree of exophagy or endophagy is presented as the proportion of mosquitoes caught outdoors so that all mosquitoes with a proportion of outdoor biting significantly greater than 0.5 are considered to be exophagic and all below 0.5 are considered endophagic.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Exposure to biting of An. gambiae s.s. for ITN users and non-users. The shadings represent the proportion of time spend in each compartment (outdoor; 1-πi ; equation 8, indoor awake; πa ; equation 7, indoor asleep; πs ; equation 6). Exposure to biting is shown overall as well as for different house qualities: Screened (Glass windows, screening with no or small holes), unscreened (no screening or badly torn/incomplete screens), ceiling (complete ceiling or partly ceiling), no ceiling (no ceiling board).
Figure 5 Exposure to biting of An. gambiae s.s. for ITN users and non-users. The shadings represent the proportion of time spend in each compartment (outdoor; 1-πi ; equation 8, indoor awake; πa ; equation 7, indoor asleep; πs ; equation 6). Exposure to biting is shown overall as well as for different house qualities: Screened (Glass windows, screening with no or small holes), unscreened (no screening or badly torn/incomplete screens), ceiling (complete ceiling or partly ceiling), no ceiling (no ceiling board).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Proportion of people present in each compartment and their estimated exposure if not using a bednet (outdoor; 1-πi ; equation 8, indoor awake; πa ; equation 7, indoor asleep; πs ; equation 6), presented as an overall mean and for categories of different house qualities: Screened (Glass windows, screening with no or small holes), unscreened (no screening or badly torn), ceiling (complete ceiling or partly ceiling), no ceiling (no ceiling board).
Figure 6 Proportion of people present in each compartment and their estimated exposure if not using a bednet (outdoor; 1-πi ; equation 8, indoor awake; πa ; equation 7, indoor asleep; πs ; equation 6), presented as an overall mean and for categories of different house qualities: Screened (Glass windows, screening with no or small holes), unscreened (no screening or badly torn), ceiling (complete ceiling or partly ceiling), no ceiling (no ceiling board).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Mean number of bites received by a person in each of the three domestic and peri-domestic compartments (outdoor; 1-πi ; equation 8, indoor awake; πa ; equation 7, indoor asleep; πs ; equation 6).
Figure 7 Mean number of bites received by a person in each of the three domestic and peri-domestic compartments (outdoor; 1-πi ; equation 8, indoor awake; πa ; equation 7, indoor asleep; πs ; equation 6).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Three factors derived through principal component analysis and their association with different protective measures as well as mosquito densities.
Figure 8 Three factors derived through principal component analysis and their association with different protective measures as well as mosquito densities.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 114 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. WHO: Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management. 2004, Geneva , World Health Organization, 15-
  2. Evans PJ: Community knowledge, attitudes and practices-urban mosquitoes and sustainable mosquito control. Faculty of Social Studies. 1994, University of Exeter, 308-
  3. Carnevale P, Robert V, Boudin C, Halna JM, Pazart L, Gazin P, Richard A, Mouchet J: La lutte contre le plaudisme par des moustiquaires impregnees de pyrethroides au Burkina Faso. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1988, 81 (5): 832-846.
  4. Knols BGJ, Takken W: The widescale use of impregnated bednets for malaria control in Africa: impact on mosquitoes. Proc Exp Appl Entomol. 1998, 8: 15-20.
  5. RollBackMalariaPartnership : Scaling up insecticide treated netting programmes in Africa: a strategic framework for coordinated national action. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2005, Geneva , World Health Organization
  6. Muirhead-Thomson RC: The winter activities of An. gambiae at high altitudes in Southern Rhodesia. unpublished WHO working document. 1960
  7. Castro MC, Singer B: Migration, Urbanization and Malaria: A Comparative Analysis of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Machadinho, Rondônia, Brazil. Paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective Johnnesburg, South Africa. 2003
  8. Statistics NB: The 2002 population and housing census general report. 2003, [ http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/dsm.htm ]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 165

Related

Metadata

Authors
Geissbühler, Y., Chaki, P., Emidi, B., Govella, N. J., Shirima, R., Mayagaya, V., Mtasiwa, D., Mshinda, H., Fillinger, U., Lindsay, S. W., Kannady, K., de Castro, M. C., Tanner, M., & Killeen, G. F.
Affiliations
  • Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
  • Ifakara Health Institute (TZ)
  • University of Dar es Salaam (TZ)
  • Durham University (GB)
Corresponding author
Geissbühler, Yvonne
ORCID
Venue
Malaria Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2007-09-19
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
126-126
ISSN
1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1475-2875-6-126
PMC
PMC2039744
OpenAlex
W2131072539
Cited by
165
References
114
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
FWCI
7.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • United States Agency for International Development
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
  • Wellcome Trust (076806)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
Keywords
malaria vector control, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles arabiensis, insecticide-treated nets, human landing catches, exophagy, outdoor biting, larviciding, environmental management, urban malaria, Dar es Salaam
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Population Density, Tanzania

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review