Role of anti-inflammatory compounds in human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein120-mediated brain inflammation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is a common immune response associated with brain human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Identifying therapeutic compounds that exhibit better brain permeability and can target signaling pathways involved in inflammation may benefit treatment of HIV-associated neurological complications. The objective of this study was to implement an in vivo model of brain inflammation by intracerebroventricular administration of the HIV-1 viral coat protein gp120 in rats and to examine anti-inflammatory properties of HIV adjuvant therapies such as minocycline, chloroquine and simvastatin. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were administered a single dose of gp120ADA (500 ng) daily for seven consecutive days, intracerebroventricularly, with or without prior intraperitoneal administration of minocycline, chloroquine or simvastatin. Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, was administered intracerebroventricularly prior to gp120 administration for seven days as control. Real-time qPCR was used to assess gene expression of inflammatory markers in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured applying ELISA. Protein expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and P38 kinases (P38Ks)) was detected using immunoblot analysis. Student's t-test and ANOVA were applied to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: In gp120ADA-injected rats, mRNA transcripts of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly elevated in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus compared to saline or heat-inactivated gp120-injected controls. In CSF, a significant increase in TNF-α and IL-1β was detected. Maraviroc reduced upregulation of these markers suggesting that the interaction of R5-tropic gp120 to CCR5 chemokine receptor is critical for induction of an inflammatory response. Minocycline, chloroquine or simvastatin attenuated upregulation of IL-1β and iNOS transcripts in different brain regions. In CSF, minocycline suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β secretion, whereas chloroquine attenuated IL-1β secretion. In gp120-injected animals, activation of ERK1/2 and JNKs was observed in the hippocampus and ERK1/2 activation was significantly reduced by the anti-inflammatory agents. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that anti-inflammatory compounds can completely or partially reverse gp120-associated brain inflammation through an interaction with MAPK signaling pathways and suggest their potential role in contributing towards the prevention and treatment of HIV-associated neurological complications.
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Sim reduces enhanced brain expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL1β in HIV-gp120 rats.
“Sim reduces the enhanced brain expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL1β in HIV-gp120 rats [79].”
From HIV-TAT dysregulates microglial lipid metabolism through SREBP2/miR-124 axis: Implication of lipid droplet accumulation microglia in NeuroHIV (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Ashraf, T., Jiang, W., Hoque, M. T., Henderson, J., Wu, C., & Bendayan, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bendayan, Reina
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2014-05-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-91
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4046047
- OpenAlex
- W2113451960
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- HIV-1 gp120, neuroinflammation, anti-inflammatory agents, minocycline, chloroquine, simvastatin, CCR5, CCR5-tropic HIV, IL-1β, TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, MAPK signaling, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, cerebrospinal fluid cytokines, neurological complications of HIV, brain regions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Encephalitis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Time Factors, HIV Envelope Protein gp120, Cytokines, Rats, Wistar, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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