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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): validation in a Greek general hospital sample
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has been used in several languages to assess anxiety and depression in general hospital patients with good results. Methods: The HADS was administered to 521 participants (275 controls and 246 inpatients and outpatients of the Internal Medicine and Surgical Departments in 'Attikon' General Hospital in Athens). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used as 'gold standards' for depression and anxiety respectively. Results: The HADS presented high internal consistency; Cronbach's α cofficient was 0.884 (0.829 for anxiety and 0.840 for depression) and stability (test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient 0.944). Factor analysis showed a two-factor structure. The HADS showed high concurrent validity; the correlations of the scale and its subscales with the BDI and the STAI were high (0.722 – 0.749). Conclusion: The Greek version of HADS showed good psychometric properties and could serve as a useful tool for clinicians to assess anxiety and depression in general hospital patients.
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“It has been translated and validated in Greek.”
From Effectiveness of a hybrid arts-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for patients with non-malignant chronic pain (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Also, the total HADS [31] score may not be the most appropriate tool to detect caseness of depression and anxiety [57].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Michopoulos, I., Douzenis, A., Kalkavoura, C., Christodoulou, C., Michalopoulou, P., Kalemi, G., Fineti, K., Patapis, P., Protopapas, K., & Lykouras, L.
- Affiliations
- University General Hospital Attikon (GR)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Lykouras, Lefteris
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of General Psychiatry
- Published
- 2008-03-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-4
- ISSN
- 1744-859X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2276214
- OpenAlex
- W2011782210
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annals of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Greek version, anxiety, depression, psychometric validation, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, general hospital patients, medical inpatients, surgical outpatients, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
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