CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 550Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlSpecies Distribution and Climate Change

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 556 of the 560 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

Open access
Sinka, Marianne E, Bangs, Michael J, Manguin, Sylvie, Chareonviriyaphap, Theeraphap, Patil, Anand P, Temperley, William H, Gething, Peter W, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Kabaria, Caroline W, Harbach, Ralph E, Hay, Simon I·2011·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-4-89PMC PMC3127851
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here. The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Here we discuss the 19 DVS of the Asian-Pacific region. This region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence of a high number of species complexes and suspected species complexes, and behavioural plasticity of many of these major vectors, adds a level of entomological complexity not comparable elsewhere globally. To try and untangle the intricacy of the vectors of this region and to increase the effectiveness of vector control interventions, an understanding of the contemporary distribution of each species, combined with a synthesis of the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology is needed. RESULTS: Expert opinion (EO) range maps, created with the most up-to-date expert knowledge of each DVS distribution, were combined with a contemporary database of occurrence data and a suite of open access, environmental and climatic variables. Using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) modelling method, distribution maps of each DVS were produced. The occurrence data were abstracted from the formal, published literature, plus other relevant sources, resulting in the collation of DVS occurrence at 10116 locations across 31 countries, of which 8853 were successfully geo-referenced and 7430 were resolved to spatial areas that could be included in the BRT model. A detailed summary of the information on the bionomics of each species and species complex is also presented. CONCLUSIONS: This article concludes a project aimed to establish the contemporary global distribution of the DVS of malaria. The three articles produced are intended as a detailed reference for scientists continuing research into the aspects of taxonomy, biology and ecology relevant to species-specific vector control. This research is particularly relevant to help unravel the complicated taxonomic status, ecology and epidemiology of the vectors of the Asia-Pacific region. All the occurrence data, predictive maps and EO-shape files generated during the production of these publications will be made available in the public domain. We hope that this will encourage data sharing to improve future iterations of the distribution maps.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1756-3305-4-89

Cites

556 of 556 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Map details: The predicted distribution of the Anopheles dirus species complex mapped using hybrid data (372 occurrence data plus 500 pseudo-presences weighted at half that of the occurrence data and randomly selected from within the Expert Opinion (EO) range). Pseudo-absences (3720) were generated at a ratio of 10:1 absence to presence points, and were randomly selected from within the 1500 km buffer surrounding the EO (EO shown in the inset map). Predictions are not shown beyond the buffer boundary. The black dots show the 372 occurrence records for the complex. Map statistics: Deviance = 0.1738, Correlation = 0.8793, Discrimination (AUC) = 0.9857, Kappa = 0.8451. Environmental variables: 1. LST (P1), 2. Prec (A1), 3. MIR (P1), 4. NDVI (mean), 5. LST (P2), (see Additional file 2 for abbreviations and definitions). Copyright: Licensed to the Malaria Atlas Project [520] under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Citation: Sinka et al. (2011) The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis, Parasites & Vectors 2011, 4:89.
Figure 1 Map details: The predicted distribution of the Anopheles dirus species complex mapped using hybrid data (372 occurrence data plus 500 pseudo-presences weighted at half that of the occurrence data and randomly selected from within the Expert Opinion (EO) range). Pseudo-absences (3720) were generated at a ratio of 10:1 absence to presence points, and were randomly selected from within the 1500 km buffer surrounding the EO (EO shown in the inset map). Predictions are not shown beyond the buffer boundary. The black dots show the 372 occurrence records for the complex. Map statistics: Deviance = 0.1738, Correlation = 0.8793, Discrimination (AUC) = 0.9857, Kappa = 0.8451. Environmental variables: 1. LST (P1), 2. Prec (A1), 3. MIR (P1), 4. NDVI (mean), 5. LST (P2), (see Additional file 2 for abbreviations and definitions). Copyright: Licensed to the Malaria Atlas Project [520] under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Citation: Sinka et al. (2011) The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis, Parasites & Vectors 2011, 4:89.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 560 references

Research works printed but not linked: 53

  1. WHO: World malaria report 2010. 2010, World Health Organization (WHO), 238-
  2. White GB: Malaria. Geographical distribution of arthropod-borne diseases and their principal vectors. 1989, Geneva: World Health Organization, Division of Vector Biology and Control, WHO/VBC/89967, 7-22
  3. PubMed. [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ]
  4. Coosemans M, Thuan LK, Socheat D, Phompida S, Baimai V, Manguin S, Harbach RE, Hemingway J: Monitoring insecticide resistance and mapping malaria vectors in Southeast Asia: a prerequisite for sustainable malaria vector control. INCO report. 2006, IC4-CT-2002-10041, 202
  5. Reid JA: Anopheline mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. 1968, Malaysia
  6. Harrison BA, Scanlon JE: Medical entomology studies II. The subgenus Anopheles in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor). 1975, 12: 1-307.
  7. Reid JA, Harrison BA, Atmosoedjono S: Variation and vector status in Anopheles barbirostris. Mosq Syst. 1979, 11: 235-251.
  8. Ma SF: Studies on the Anopheles (A.) sinensis group of mosquitoes in China, including four new sibling species [in Chinese]. Sinozoologia. 1981, 1: 59-70. 54 pls
  9. Chow C-Y: Malaria vectors in China. Proceeding of the IVth National Vector Control Symposium, Taichung, Taiwan. 1991, Chinese Journal of Entomology Special Publication
  10. Otsuru M: A new species of Anopheles hyrcanus in Japan [in Japanese]. Fukuoka Igaku Zassi. 1949, 40: 139-148.
  11. Jinjiang X: Present filariasis situation in The People's Republic of China. Proc WHO Regional Seminar; Kuala Lumpur. Edited by: Mak JW, Yong HS. 1985
  12. Baisas FE: The mosquito fauna of Subic Bay Naval Reservation. 1974, Republic of the Philippines: Headquarters, First Medical Service Wing (PACAF), Technical Report No. 72-2, 1-170 + illus
  13. Kamimura K: On Anopheles yesoensis Tsuzuki, 1901 reported from Hokkaido [in Japanese]. Jap J Sanit Zool. 1976, 27:
  14. Chau GW: An illustrated guide to the identification of the mosquitoes of Hong Kong. 1982, Urban Council Publication, Hong Kong Government
  15. Rueda LM, Ma Y, Song GH, Gao Q: Notes on the distribution of Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) in China and the status of some Anopheles hyrcanus group type specimens from China. Proc Entomol Soc Wash. 2005, 107: 235-238.
  16. Kim DC: Brugian filariasis in Korea. Proc WHO Regional Seminar; Kuala Lumpur. Edited by: Mak JW, Yong HS. 1985
  17. Whang CY: Studies on the bionomics of Anopheles mosquitoes in Korea [in Korean]. Korean J Parasitol. 1964, 9: 49-74.
  18. Tsukamoto W, Miyagi I, Toma T: A revised checklist of the Philippine mosquitoes. Trop Biomed. 1985, 2: 149-160.
  19. Soemarlan , Gandahusada S: The fight against malaria in Indonesia: A historical review and future outlook. 1990, Jakarta: Nat Inst Hlth Res and Development, Ministry of Health, 63-
  20. Takken W, Snellen WB, Verhave JP, Knols BGJ, Atmosoedjono S: Environmental measures for malaria control in Indonesia: A historical review on species sanitation. 1991, Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural Univ. Papers
  21. Dash AP, Bendley MS, Das AK, Das M, Dwivedi SR: Role of An. annularis as a vector of malaria in inland of Orissa. J Commun Dis. 1982, 14: 224-
  22. Kyi KM: Malaria vectors in Burma 3. Anopheles annularis Van der Wulp, 1884. Union of Burma J Life Science. 1972, 5: 217-225.
  23. Myo-Paing : Anopheline mosquitoes of Myanmar III. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1990, 2: 32-35.
  24. Peyton EL, Harrison BA: Anopheles (Cellia) dirus, a new species of the Leucosphyrus Group from Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst. 1979, 11: 40-52.
  25. Hii JLK, Vun YS: A study of dispersal, survival and adult population estimates of the malaria vector, Anopheles balabacensis Baisas (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sabah, Malaysia. Trop Biomed. 1985, 2: 121-131.
  26. Hii JLK, Vun YS: The influence of a heterogeneous environment on host feeding behaviour by Anopheles balabacensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Trop Biomed. 1987, 4: 67-70.
  27. Rohani A, Lokman Hakim S, Hassan AR, Chan ST, Ong YF, Abdullah AG, Lee HL: Bionomics of Anopheles balabacensis Baisas, the principal malaria vector in Ranau, Sabah. Trop Biomed. 1999, 2: 31-38.
  28. Sharma VP: Fighting malaria in India. Curr Sci. 1998, 75: 1127-1140.
  29. Surendran SN, De Silva BG, Srikrishnaraj KA, Ramasamy MS, Ramasamy R: Establishment of species E, not B as the major vector of malaria in the Anopheles culicifacies complex in the country. Proc Sri Lanka Assoc Advmt Sci. 2003, 59: 18-
  30. Sharma SK, Nanda N, Dutta VK: Studies on the bionomics of Anopheles fluviatilis s.l. and the sibling species composition in the foothills of Shiwalik Range, India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1995, 26: 566-572.
  31. Hii JLK: Involvement of the X-chromosome in hybrid male sterility from crosses between species A and species B of the taxon Anopheles dirus. Mosq News. 1984, 44: 192-196.
  32. Baimai V: Speciation and species complexes of the Anopheles malaria vector in Thailand. Proceeding of the 3rd conference on malaria research; Thailand, 18-20 October. 1989
  33. Lee VH, Nalim S, Olson JG, Gubler DJ, Ksiazek TG, Aep S: A survey of adult mosquitoes on Lombok Island, Republic of Indonesia. Mosq News. 1984, 44: 184-191.
  34. Salazar NP: The malaria situation in the Philippines: A critique. RITM, Dept of Health. 1989, Tech Rep Ser 7, 49
  35. Raeisi A, Vatandoost H, Mousakazemi SH: Understanding bionomics of main malaria vectors in irrigated areas in southern Baluchistan, for implementation of impregnated bednets in Iran. International Conference on Malaria; 4-6 November; New Delhi, India. 2005
  36. Kengluecha A, Singhasivanon P, Tiensuwan M, Jones JW, Sithiprasasna R: Water quality and breeding habitats of anopheline mosquito in northwestern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005, 36: 46-53.
  37. Farid MA, Chen CT, Hsu TC, Liu SY: Report of WHO evaluation team on malaria eradication in the Ryukyu Islands, 1965. 1966, Geneva, 1-53.
  38. Duc NH, Huu HV: Distribution of Anopheles minimus in Northern Vietnam. Ann Scientific Works. 1973, 134-140.
  39. Krishnan KS: A. stephensi Liston, 1901. Vectors of Malaria in India. 1961, Delhi: National Society of India for Malaria and Other Mosquito-born Disease, 39-58. 2nd edition.
  40. Pervez SD, Shah IH: Role of Anopheles stephensi as malaria vector in rural areas of Pakistan. Pak J Health. 1989, 26: 73-84.
  41. Singh OP: Bionomics of malaria vectors in India. 2002, Malaria Research Centre, 19-31.
  42. Rao BA, Sweet WC, Subba Rao AM: Ova measurements of A. stephensi type and A. stephensi var. mysorensis. J Malar Inst India. 1938, 1: 261-266.
  43. Subbarao SK: Anopheline species complexes in Southeast Asia. 1998, New Delhi: WHO, SEARO; Technical Publication No. 18, 81-
  44. Reuben R, Suguna SG: Morphological differences between sibling species of the taxon Anopheles subpictus Grassi in India, with notes on relationships with known forms. Mosq Syst. 1983, 15: 117-126.
  45. Merlin: Merlin/WHO emergency control of malaria and other vector borne diseases in East Timor. 2001, London: Merlin
  46. Chang MS, Linton YM, Harbach RE: The Anopheles sundaicus species complex - a preliminary study of larval ecology from two sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. Mekong Malaria Forum. 2001, 8: 91-95.
  47. Nagpal BN, Kalra NL: Malaria vectors of India. J Parasit Dis. 1997, 21: 105-112.
  48. Reid JA: Systematics of malaria vectors - anopheline systematics and malaria control, with special reference to Southeast Asia. Misc Pub Entomol Soc Am. 1970, 7: 52-62.
  49. Sukowati S, Baimai V, Andris H: Sex chromosome variation in natural populations of the Anopheles sundaicus complex from Thailand and Indonesia. Mosq Borne Dis Bull. 1996, 13: 8-13.
  50. Nagpal BN, Sharma VP: Indian anophelines. 1995, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA: Science Publishers, Inc
  51. Phan VT: Epidémiologie du paludisme et lutte antipaludique au Vietnam. 1998, Hanoi: Editions Médicales Vietnam
  52. Coosemans M, Cong D, Socheat D, Inthakone S, Baimai V, Manguin S, Harbach RE: Identification and characterization of malaria vectors in Southeast Asia: a prerequisite for appropriate vector control. INCO-DEC report;. 1998, 110- , ERBIC18. CT. 970211
  53. Myo-Paing , Tun Lin W, Sebastian AA: Behaviour of Anopheles minimus (Theobald) in relation to its role as vector of malaria in a forested foothill area of Burma. Trop Biomed. 1988, 5: 161-166.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 547

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Sinka, M. E., Bangs, M. J., Manguin, S., Chareonviriyaphap, T., Patil, A. P., Temperley, W. H., Gething, P. W., Elyazar, I. R., Kabaria, C. W., Harbach, R. E., & Hay, S. I.
Affiliations
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Université de Montpellier (FR)
  • Kasetsart University (TH)
  • Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia (ID)
  • Kenyatta National Hospital (KE)
  • Natural History Museum (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Sinka, Marianne E
  • Hay, Simon I
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-05-25
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
89-89
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-4-89
PMC
PMC3127851
OpenAlex
W2162714623
Cited by
550
References
560
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 32
FWCI
36.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
Wellcome Trust (083534, 079080, 079091)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
Keywords
Anopheles, malaria vectors, species distribution, Asia-Pacific region, bionomics, species complex, sympatric species, vector control, boosted regression trees, occurrence data
MeSH terms
Animals, Anopheles, Asia, Disease Vectors, Geography, Humans, Malaria, Pacific Islands, Ecosystem, Biodiversity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review