Population structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in children with asymptomatic malaria living in different ecological zones of Ghana

Amoah, Linda Eva; Abukari, Zakaria; Dawson-Amoah, Maame Esi; Dieng, Cheikh Cambel; Lo, Eugenia; Afrane, Yaw Asare

doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06120-9

Cited by 30Malaria Research and ControlGenetic diversity and population structureBird parasitology and diseases

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Population structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in children with asymptomatic malaria living in different ecological zones of Ghana

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Amoah, Linda Eva, Abukari, Zakaria, Dawson-Amoah, Maame Esi, Dieng, Cheikh Cambel, Lo, Eugenia, Afrane, Yaw Asare·2021·BMC Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1186/s12879-021-06120-9PMC PMC8120845

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Abstract

Background: Genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum populations can be used to describe the resilience and spatial distribution of the parasite in the midst of intensified intervention efforts. This study used microsatellite analysis to evaluate the genetic diversity and population dynamics of P. falciparum parasites circulating in three ecological zones of Ghana. Methods: A total of 1168 afebrile children aged between 3 to 13 years were recruited from five (5) Primary schools in 3 different ecological zones (Sahel (Tamale and Kumbungu), Forest (Konongo) and Coastal (Ada and Dodowa)) of Ghana. Asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage was determined using microscopy and PCR, whilst fragment analysis of 6 microsatellite loci was used to determine the diversity and population structure of P. falciparum parasites. Results: Out of the 1168 samples examined, 16.1 and 39.5% tested positive for P. falciparum by microscopy and nested PCR respectively. The genetic diversity of parasites in the 3 ecological zones was generally high, with an average heterozygosity (He) of 0.804, 0.787 and 0.608 the rainy (peak) season for the Sahel, Forest and Coastal zones respectively. The mean He for the dry (off-peak) season were 0.562, 0.693 and 0.610 for the Sahel, Forest and Coastal zones respectively. Parasites from the Forest zone were more closely related to those from the Sahel than from the Coastal zone, despite the Coastal zone being closer in physical distance to the Forest zone. The fixation indexes among study sites ranged from 0.049 to 0.112 during the rainy season and 0.112 to 0.348 during the dry season. Conclusion: A large asymptomatic parasite reservoir was found in the school children during both rainy and dry seasons, especially those in the Forest and Sahel savannah zones where parasites were also found to be related compared to those from the Coastal zone. Further studies are recommended to understand why despite the roll out of several malaria interventions in Ghana, high transmission still persist.

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Malaria parasite prevalence data from 2017 was obtained from a previously published study (Amoah et al.) that employed similar sampling procedures and study design as the current study, ensuring comparability.
“Malaria parasite prevalence data from 2017 was obtained from a previously published study by Amoah et al.14which employed similar sampling procedures and study design as the current study ensuring comparability.”
From Reduction in Asymptomatic falciparum malaria infection amongst schoolchildren in three ecological zones of Ghana between 2017 and 2023 (2025) · cites this paper as Amoah et al.14
The Study design and population section describes cross-sectional sampling in 2017, and the Results report parasite prevalence from those samples. The source does not describe the citing study, so it cannot establish that the two studies used similar procedures or were comparable. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Additional file 2 of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mwesigwa, A., Ocan, M., Musinguzi, B., Wangi, R. N., Nankabirwa, J. I., Kiwuwa, S. M., Kinengyere, A. A., Castelnuovo, B., Karamagi, C., Obuku, E. A., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25566359
Additional file 1 of Amplicon deep sequencing of five highly polymorphic markers of Plasmodium falciparum reveals high parasite genetic diversity and moderate population structure in Ethiopia
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Additional file 1 of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mwesigwa, A., Ocan, M., Musinguzi, B., Wangi, R. N., Nankabirwa, J. I., Kiwuwa, S. M., Kinengyere, A. A., Castelnuovo, B., Karamagi, C., Obuku, E. A., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25566204
Additional file 2 of Amplicon deep sequencing of five highly polymorphic markers of Plasmodium falciparum reveals high parasite genetic diversity and moderate population structure in Ethiopia
Gebretsadik, A., Huwe, T., Koepfli, C., Assefa, A., Tessema, S. K., Messele, A., Golassa, L., & Mamo, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26652495
Additional file 4 of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mwesigwa, A., Ocan, M., Musinguzi, B., Wangi, R. N., Nankabirwa, J. I., Kiwuwa, S. M., Kinengyere, A. A., Castelnuovo, B., Karamagi, C., Obuku, E., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26703499
Additional file 3 of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mwesigwa, A., Ocan, M., Musinguzi, B., Wangi, R. N., Nankabirwa, J. I., Kiwuwa, S. M., Kinengyere, A. A., Castelnuovo, B., Karamagi, C., Obuku, E. A., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26703496
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Additional file 1 of Population structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in children with asymptomatic malaria living in different ecological zones of Ghana
Amoah, L. E., Abukari, Z., Dawson-Amoah, M. E., Dieng, C. C., Lo, E., & Afrane, Y. A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14594204
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Ingasia, L. A. O., Cheruiyot, J., Okoth, S. A., Andagalu, B. M., & Kamau, E. T. (2015) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.013 · Cited by 26
Seasonal variations in Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in asymptomatic children living in southern Ghana
Adjah, J., Fiadzoe, B., Ayanful‐Torgby, R., & Amoah, L. E. (2018) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3350-z · Cited by 73
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Additional file 2: of Seasonal variations in Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in asymptomatic children living in southern Ghana
Adjah, J., Fiadzoe, B., Ayanful-Torgby, R., & Amoah, L. (2018) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.7027247
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Diversity and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Färnert, A. (2000) · Figshare · Cited by 2

Authors: Amoah, L. E., Abukari, Z., Dawson-Amoah, M. E., Dieng, C. C., Lo, E., & Afrane, Y. A.
Affiliations: University of Ghana (GH)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
Corresponding author: Afrane, Yaw Asare
ORCID: Amoah, Linda Eva
Dieng, Cheikh Cambel
Lo, Eugenia
Afrane, Yaw Asare
Venue: BMC Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-05-13
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 439-439
ISSN: 1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06120-9
PMC: PMC8120845
OpenAlex: W3163810269
Cited by: 30
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
FWCI: 3.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: BMC Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI123074)
Fogarty International Center (D43TW011513)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, asymptomatic malaria, parasite genetic diversity, population structure, microsatellite markers, elementary school students, malaria reservoir, ecoregions, Sahel, forests, coastal areas, seasonal variation, heterozygosity, fixation index, Ghana
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Carrier State, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Genetics, Population, Ghana, Humans, Male, Plasmodium falciparum, Seasons, Genetic Variation, DNA, Protozoan, Malaria, Falciparum, Microsatellite Repeats

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Population structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in children with asymptomatic malaria living in different ecological zones of Ghana

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