CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 260SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Open access
Ssentongo, Paddy, Ssentongo, Anna E., Voleti, Navya, Groff, Destin, Sun, Ashley, Ba, Djibril M., Nunez, Jonathan, Parent, Leslie J., Chinchilli, Vernon M., Paules, Catharine I.·2022·BMC Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1186/s12879-022-07418-yPMC PMC9077344
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: The temporal evolution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness (VE) against infection, symptomatic, and severe COVID-19 is incompletely defined. The temporal evolution of VE could be dependent on age, vaccine types, variants of the virus, and geographic region. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the duration of VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic COVID-19 and severe COVID-19. Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the World Health Organization Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease, and CoronaCentral databases were searched and studies were selected. Independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials and cohort studies with the outcome of interest. Independent reviewers extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed with the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman variance correction. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used to assess certainty (quality) of the evidence. Primary outcomes included VE as a function of time against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19. Results: Eighteen studies were included representing nearly 7 million individuals. VE against all SARS-CoV-2 infections declined from 83% in the first month after completion of the original vaccination series to 22% at 5 months or longer. Similarly, VE against symptomatic COVID-19 declined from 94% in the first month after vaccination to 64% by the fourth month. VE against severe COVID-19 for all ages was high overall, with the level being 90% (95% CI, 87–92%) at five months or longer after being fully vaccinated. VE against severe COVID-19 was lower in individuals ≥ 65 years and those who received Ad26.COV2.S. Conclusions: VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19 waned over time but protection remained high against severe COVID-19. These data can be used to inform public health decisions around the need for booster vaccination.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12879-022-07418-y

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for systematic reviews and meta-analysis of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19
Fig. 1 PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for systematic reviews and meta-analysis of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Scatterplot of Vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) % against SARS-CoV-2 infection (A), symptomatic COVID-19 (B) and severe COVID-19 (C) plotted according to time from the second dose for mRNA vaccines and one dose of adenovirus vector-based vaccine. Each circle represents a study, and its size is proportional to the study’s sample size and annotated according to vaccine type. Effectiveness estimates include studies that estimated efficacy. The red line represents the fitted mean VE using the natural cubic spline model. The horizontal blue line represents the 50% protection level stipulated by the WHO [7]
Fig. 2 Scatterplot of Vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) % against SARS-CoV-2 infection (A), symptomatic COVID-19 (B) and severe COVID-19 (C) plotted according to time from the second dose for mRNA vaccines and one dose of adenovirus vector-based vaccine. Each circle represents a study, and its size is proportional to the study’s sample size and annotated according to vaccine type. Effectiveness estimates include studies that estimated efficacy. The red line represents the fitted mean VE using the natural cubic spline model. The horizontal blue line represents the 50% protection level stipulated by the WHO [7]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Forest plot of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection stratified by months since full vaccination. Mean VE values represent the mean vaccine protection expressed as percentage. Blue squares and their corresponding lines are the point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Maroon diamonds represent the pooled VE estimates for each month (width denotes 95% CI). Effectiveness estimates include studies that estimated efficacy
Fig. 3 Forest plot of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection stratified by months since full vaccination. Mean VE values represent the mean vaccine protection expressed as percentage. Blue squares and their corresponding lines are the point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Maroon diamonds represent the pooled VE estimates for each month (width denotes 95% CI). Effectiveness estimates include studies that estimated efficacyCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Scatterplot of Vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against infection and severe disease stratified by age. VE against infection in subjects < 65 years (A) ≥ 65 years (B), against severe COVID-19 disease in those < 65 years (C) and ≥ 65 years (D) plotted according to time since full vaccination (14 days after second dose for mRNA vaccines and after one dose of adenovirus vector-based vaccine). Each circle represents a study, and its size is proportional to the study’s sample size and annotated according to vaccine type. The red line represents the fitted mean VE using the natural cubic spline model. The horizontal blue line represents the 50% protection level stipulated by the WHO [7]
Fig. 4 Scatterplot of Vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against infection and severe disease stratified by age. VE against infection in subjects < 65 years (A) ≥ 65 years (B), against severe COVID-19 disease in those < 65 years (C) and ≥ 65 years (D) plotted according to time since full vaccination (14 days after second dose for mRNA vaccines and after one dose of adenovirus vector-based vaccine). Each circle represents a study, and its size is proportional to the study’s sample size and annotated according to vaccine type. The red line represents the fitted mean VE using the natural cubic spline model. The horizontal blue line represents the 50% protection level stipulated by the WHO [7]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Forest plot of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic COVID-19 stratified by months since full vaccination. Mean VE values represent the mean vaccine protection expressed as a percentage. Blue squares and their corresponding lines are the point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Maroon diamonds represent the pooled VE estimates for each month (width denotes 95% CI)
Fig. 5 Forest plot of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic COVID-19 stratified by months since full vaccination. Mean VE values represent the mean vaccine protection expressed as a percentage. Blue squares and their corresponding lines are the point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Maroon diamonds represent the pooled VE estimates for each month (width denotes 95% CI)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Forest plot of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness against severe COVID-19 stratified by months since full vaccination. Mean VE values represent the mean expressed as a percentage. Blue squares and their corresponding lines are the point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Maroon diamonds represent the pooled VE estimates for each month (width denotes 95% CI)
Fig. 6 Forest plot of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness against severe COVID-19 stratified by months since full vaccination. Mean VE values represent the mean expressed as a percentage. Blue squares and their corresponding lines are the point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Maroon diamonds represent the pooled VE estimates for each month (width denotes 95% CI)CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 39 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. In.: Oxford; 2000.
  2. Corchado-Garcia J, Hughes T, Cristea-Platon T, Lenehan P, Pawlowski C, Bade S, O'Horo JC, Gores GJ, Williams AW, Badley AD. Real-world effectiveness of Ad26. COV2. S adenoviral vector vaccine for COVID-19. 2021. · DOI
  3. Patalon T, Gazit S, Pitzer VE, Prunas O, Warren JL, Weinberger DM. Short term reduction in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2; a comparison between two doses and three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. medRxiv. 2021;384:403.
  4. Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, Gower C, Ramsay M, Bernal JL. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 booster vaccine against covid-19 related symptoms in England: test negative case-control study. Medrxiv. 2021;397:1646.
  5. Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, Toffa S, Rickeard T, Gallagher E, Gower C, Kall M, Groves N, O’Connell A-M. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the omicron (B. 1.1. 529) variant. New Engl J Med. 2022;386:1532. · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Ssentongo, P., Ssentongo, A. E., Voleti, N., Groff, D., Sun, A., Ba, D. M., Nunez, J., Parent, L. J., Chinchilli, V. M., & Paules, C. I.
Affiliations
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author
Ssentongo, Paddy
ORCID
Venue
BMC Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-05-07
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
439-439
ISSN
1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12879-022-07418-y
PMC
PMC9077344
OpenAlex
W4229081322
Cited by
260
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 42
FWCI
9.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine effectiveness, waning immunity, duration of protection, symptomatic COVID-19, severe COVID-19, Ad26.COV2-S, booster vaccination, older adults
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Vaccine Efficacy, Ad26COVS1, Child, Humans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review