A qualitative study to explore the attitudes of women and obstetricians towards caesarean delivery in rural Bangladesh
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Caesarean section is a lifesaving surgical intervention for women and their newborns, though overutilization is a public health concern. The caesarean rate in Bangladesh is approximately 23% overall, and in private facilities it is over 70%. It is essential to know both the supply side (obstetricians) and demand side (parturient women) views on caesarean birth in order to formulate specific interventions to address the escalating rate of caesareans. METHODS: This qualitative study took place in Matlab, a rural sub-district in Bangladesh. We interviewed women attending their 3rd antenatal visit, those with recent caesareans, and obstetricians from both public and private health facilities. In total there were twenty in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions. Study participants were asked about their preferences on birthing mode and knowledge of the caesarean section process. Thematic data analysis was done following a deductive approach. RESULTS: Women from this rural community had a strong preference for normal vaginal birth. However, they were willing to accept the attending health care provider's decision for caesarean birth. Antenatal care sessions did not provide information on the medical indications for caesarean section. Furthermore, some women had the misconception that episiotomy itself is a 'small caesarean.' Primary health care providers and clinic agents (brokers) had a strong influence on women's decision to choose a health facility for giving birth. However, obstetricians, having a preference for caesarean section, were receiving more patients from these brokers which may be an important reason for the high rate of clinically non-indicated caesareans at private hospitals in Bangladesh. Improper labour monitoring and inadequate staffing at health facilities were additional influences on the preference for caesarean section. However, critical knowledge gaps were also observed among study obstetricians, particularly with regards to the indications for and timing of elective caesarean sections. CONCLUSION: There is a need to educate women about the advantages and disadvantages of different birthing modes to ensure their active participation in the decision making process. Strong policy regulations are needed to ensure legitimate decision making by obstetricians regarding mode of birthing.
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Other prior-identified medical reasons leading to planned C-sections include twin pregnancies, women with short stature, obesity, prior C-section deliveries, and patients with comorbidities.
“Other prior-identified medical reasons leading to planned C-section surgeries include twin pregnancies, women with short stature, obesity, prior C-section deliveries and patients with comorbidities”
From "Everywhere you see, C-sections are happening": examining trends and reasons for a rise in cesarean-section deliveries among women in urban informal settlements, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, using a mixed methods approach (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
In Results > Knowledge on caesarean section (Table 2), obstetricians named twin pregnancy, short stature, obesity, previous caesarean, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia as reasons for planned caesareans. The paper presents these as obstetricians’ reported reasons, not established medical indications: the Results and Discussion say most did not align with international guidelines. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew studies have explored both practitioner and patient perspectives regarding C-sections and the reasons thereof.
“Few studies have explored both practitioner and patient perspectives regarding C-sections and the reasons thereof”
From "Everywhere you see, C-sections are happening": examining trends and reasons for a rise in cesarean-section deliveries among women in urban informal settlements, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, using a mixed methods approach (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The Results (Study themes and findings; page unavailable) show that this study explored both women’s and obstetricians’ perspectives on caesarean delivery and factors behind decisions to perform it. The paper does not establish the broader claim that few studies have examined both perspectives. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Abdolalipour, S., Abbasalizadeh, S., Mohammad-Alizadeh, S., Abbasalizadeh, F., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2026) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45249
Shohana, N. T., Karmokar, A., & Mimi, A. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02633-3
Hasan, M. R. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10768738/v1
Aktar, S., & Rahman, M. (2026) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2026.2750044
- Authors
- Begum, T., Ellis, C., Sarker, M., Rostoker, J.-F., Rahman, A., Anwar, I., & Reichenbach, L.
- Affiliations
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (BD)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Population Council (US)
- Corresponding author
- Begum, Tahmina
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2018-09-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 368-368
- ISSN
- 1471-2393 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6134512
- OpenAlex
- W2891259800
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- BRAC University Institutional Repository (BRAC University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- cesarean section, women's attitudes, obstetricians' attitudes, vaginal delivery, prenatal care, private hospitals, labour monitoring, health facility staffing, elective cesarean section, rural Bangladesh, maternal decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, Bangladesh, Cesarean Section, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Physicians, Pregnancy, Rural Population, Qualitative Research, Young Adult
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