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Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The aetiology of testicular cancer remains elusive. In this manuscript, we review the evidence regarding the association between cannabis use and testicular cancer development. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we reviewed literature published between 1(st) January 1980 and 13(th) May 2015 and found three case-control studies that investigated the association between cannabis use and development of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs). RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Using meta-analysis techniques, we observed that a) current, b) chronic, and c) frequent cannabis use is associated with the development of TGCT, when compared to never-use of the drug. The strongest association was found for non-seminoma development--for example, those using cannabis on at least a weekly basis had two and a half times greater odds of developing a non-seminoma TGCT compared those who never used cannabis (OR: 2.59, 95% CI 1.60-4.19). We found inconclusive evidence regarding the relationship between cannabis use and the development of seminoma tumours. It must be noted that these observations were derived from three studies all conducted in the United States; and the majority of data collection occurred during the 1990's.
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“The evidence is inconclusive for testicular seminomas, and lung cancer, neck and head cancers because of the possible roles of tobacco use, and other confounders.”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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“The strongest association was found for non-seminoma development and weekly cannabis use.”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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“Gurney 2015 3—case-control 719 cases, 1419 controls Patients with testicular cancer Self-reports/survey Newcastle–Ottawa quality scale Increased risks of TGCT with ever-use of cannabis (OR5 1.19 [0.72, 1.95]), former use (1.54 [0.84, 2.85]), current use (1.62 [1.13, 2.31), weekly use (1.92 [1.25,…”
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“There was therefore no discernible difference between ethnic groups in terms of the types of tumours that were occurring at a population level, suggesting that this is not a primary driver of our observed disparity in TGCT incidence (Gurney et al., 2015a,b).”
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“Pattern of Marijuana Use Regarding characterization of pattern for marijuana use, we considered the following categories: (1) experimental, marijuana use on 1 or 2 occasions, without recurrences; (2) social, consumption begins to be more regular and framed in leisure contexts, withmore people; drug use is not an escap…”
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“There is, however, a link between chronic and frequent use of cannabis and the development of testicular cancer, particularly nonseminomas.(39) Although there is no convincing evidence that cannabis use leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there is a link between smoking cannabis and cough and bronchitis, w…”
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THE OUTCOMES OF ONCO-TESE AT THE TIME OF RADICAL ORCHIECTOMY
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“15 The literature on cannabis and testicular cancer is almost uniformly positive and has a relative risk of around 2.6-fold, 16 this risk factor is now widely acknowledged 17 – 19 and the effect is quite fast since the median age of exposure may be about 20 years and the median age of testis cancer…”
InfluentialThe perceptions and beliefs of cannabis use among Canadian genitourinary cancer patients.
Taneja, S., Guo, Y., Slaven, M., Lalani, A., Shaw, E., Tajzler, C., Hotte, S., & Kapoor, A. (2021) · Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · doi:10.5489/cuaj.7197 · Cited by 4
Dairy consumption and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review
Signal, V., Huang, S., Sarfati, D., Stanley, J., McGlynn, K., & Gurney, J. (2018) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2018.1470655 · Cited by 4
Self-citationTesticular cancer mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: trend analysis from 1997 to 2019
Crispin-Rios, Y., Faura-Gonzales, M., Torres-Román, J. S., Quispe-Vicuña, C., Franco-Jimenez, U. S., Valcárcel, B., Stang, A., & McGlynn, K. (2023) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11511-z · Cited by 3
Guth, M., Lefèvre, M., Pilorget, C., Coste, A., Ahmadi, S., Danjou, A. M. N., Dananché, B., Praud, D., Koscinski, I., Papaxanthos, A., et al. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4102 · Cited by 3
“…birth weight, gestational age, birth order, sibship size and born from multiple pregnancy, family history of testicular cancer, family history of cryptorchidism, personal tobacco smoking ( 32 ), personal consumption of alcoholic beverages ( 33 ) and personal history of testicular trauma ( 30 ).”
BackgroundZucchi, A., Innocenzi, E., Onorato, A., Dolci, S., Colopi, A., Balistreri, C., & Grimaldi, P. (2023) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2023.111840 · Cited by 3
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Review of Medicinal Use of Cannabis Derivatives and the Societal Impact of Legalization
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“[52] Studies have also noted an increased risk of developing other cancers such as nonseminoma testicular germ cell cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical cancer.[53,54]”
BackgroundSánchez-Pájaro, A., Pérez-Ferrer, C., Barrera-Núñez, D. A., Cerdá, M., Thrasher, J. F., & Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T. (2025) · The International journal on drug policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104704 · Cited by 2
Should gastroenterologists prescribe cannabis? The highs, the lows and the unknowns
Samuel, S. B., Michael, M., & Tadros, M. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i18.4210 · Cited by 2
Reece, A., & Hulse, G. (2022) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00986-0 · Cited by 2
Mutational signatures among young-onset testicular cancers
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Taneja, S., Hoogenes, J., Slaven, M., & Kapoor, A. (2021) · Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · doi:10.5489/cuaj.7198 · Cited by 2
An overview of the adverse effects of cannabis use for Canadian physicians.
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“examined the role of cannabis use and development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT)[58].”
BackgroundInfluentialMedical Consequences of Cannabis Use
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“…that regular marijuana use has been linked to a lower semen quality and testosterone level [2–5] as well as a higher risk of testicular cancer [6, 7]. δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major constituent and the primary active component of the marijuana, is a receptor agonist for the…”
BackgroundImpact of Tobacco and Marijuana on Infertility and Early Reproductive Wastage
Bortoletto, P., & Prabhu, M. (2022) · Clinical obstetrics and gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000689 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Complete Blood Counts of Cannabis sativa Smokers in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
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“Une méta-analyse de 2015 rapportait en effet une augmentation du risque de TGT chez les patients ayant une consommation prolongée de cannabis [4].”
BackgroundMedicinal cannabis: presenting possible treatment modalities for the future.
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“It is estimated that 178 million people aged 15–64 years used cannabis at least once in 2012.(1) Cannabis or cannabinoids used to manage medical conditions is referred to as medicinal cannabis.”
BackgroundJimenez, R., Gupta, S., Hernandez, L. P. H., & Sebo, T. (2017) · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53775-6_7 · Cited by 1
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Projecting Individualized Probabilities of Lifetime Total Cancer Risk Across a Population
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[Prevention and treatment of male cancers: a comprehensive approach].
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Urogenital Malignancy and Cannabis Use: A Narrative Review
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“Duration of cannabis use ( > 10 years versus never used) increased likelihood of TGCT development (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.09)[44].”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gurney, J., Shaw, C., Stanley, J., Signal, V., & Sarfati, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Gurney, J.
- Venue
- BMC Cancer
- Published
- 2015-11-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 897-897
- ISSN
- 1471-2407 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4642772
- OpenAlex
- W2118479499
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Research Council of New Zealand (NZ) (14/052)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Testicular diseases and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- cannabis use, testicular cancer, testicular germ cell tumors, non-seminoma, seminoma, cancer risk factors, chronic cannabis use, case-control study
- MeSH terms
- Cannabis, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal, Risk Factors, Testicular Neoplasms, United States, Case-Control Studies
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