Body appreciation and body appearance pressure in Norwegian university students comparing exercise science students and other students
Open accessAbstract
Background: Body image is considered a core issue for public health and associates with university students’ overall health. Due to positive associations between exercise and body image, it has been suggested that students within an exercise science program might be more body appreciative compared to other students. On the other hand, the strong societal idealization of the athletic body may expose them to a pressure of having a specific body appearance, which may result in unfavorable health consequences. Nevertheless, studies investigating these hypotheses are lacking. We therefore aimed to explore the level and associations of body appreciation, body appearance pressure, body image related mental health constructs, physical activity, and exercise, in Norwegian university exercise science and non-health reference students. Method: Male and female exercise science students (n = 517) and reference students (n = 476), from nine large universities in Norway took part in this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to the Body appreciation scale-2, a self-developed questionnaire on body appearance pressure, Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised, Sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-4R, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and questions about physical activity and exercise. Between group differences were analyzed using student independent t-test and ANCOVA for parametric data and Chi-square test for categorical data, and associations were evaluated by Person’s correlation. P-values ≤0.05 were defined as significant. Results: Female exercise science students had higher scores on body appreciation compared to reference students. No group difference was found in males. A high percentage of students reported experiencing body appearance pressure, with 69 and 85% among male and female exercise science students, and 57 and 83% among male and female reference students. Fitness centers were the settings where most respondents experienced body appearance pressure. Body appreciation was strongly associated with favorable scores on body image related mental health constructs, while personally experienced body appearance pressure associated with destructive scores on the same constructs. Conclusion: Body appearance pressure is an issue among university students regardless of study program. Actions to promote body appreciation and prevent body appearance pressure may include an implementation of media literacy, body functionality, and exercise as topics within the education program to safeguard students’ health and well-being. Clinical trial registry: No. NCT04256967.
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Exercise may enhance body acceptance, particularly in women as higher levels of body acceptance have been found among women who regularly exercise.
“Exercise may enhance body acceptance, particularly in women as higher levels of body acceptance have been found among women who regularly exercise.”
From The Groundswell Community Surf Therapy Intervention for At-Risk Women and Changes in Body Acceptance, Resilience, and Emotional Regulation (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results (Body appreciation; page unavailable) show higher body appreciation among female exercise science students than among female reference students, and the Discussion suggests that greater physical activity could help explain the difference. The study does not establish that women who regularly exercise generally have higher body appreciation, or that exercise caused the difference; it compared student groups. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Sundgot-Borgen, C., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Bratland-Sanda, S., Kolle, E., Torstveit, M. K., Svantorp-Tveiten, K. M. E., & Mathisen, T. F.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NO)
- University of Agder (NO)
- Østfold University of Applied Sciences (NO)
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2021-03-19
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 532-532
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7977603
- OpenAlex
- W3135934036
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 8.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- body appreciation, body image, exercise science students, university students, self-esteem, life satisfaction, physical activity, fitness centers, media literacy, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Body Image, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Norway, Surveys and Questionnaires, Students, Universities, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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